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О ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ ЛЕСА НА СУХИХ ПОЧВАХ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ; ON FOREST CULTIVATION IN DRY SOIL LANDS: THEORETICAL APPROACH
стр.5-17
РОГОЗИН М.В., Голиков А.М., РАЗИН Г.С; Rogozin M.V., Golikov A.M., Razin G.S.
Проанализированы работы, раскрывающие тенденции естественного отбора у древесных растений в культурах в разных условиях с разной густотой. Изменения в генетической структуре, в наследуемости и в динамике различных признаков использованы в попытке выстроить логическую модель развития деревьев и древостоев в условиях, близких к экстремальным. Анализ работ показал, что в развитии древостоев возникает критический период, после которого почти невозможно изменить ход их развития, поэтому крайне важно начинать регулировать густоту культур и естественных молодняков задолго до наступления максимумов полноты, сомкнутости полога, сомкнутости крон и прироста; чем раньше эта работа будет осуществлена, тем продуктивнее окажется древостой и тем дольше будет период его интенсивного роста. Forest restoration at the dry soils is one of the crucial problems for modern forestry. The goal of the research is to develop a logical model stand growth in dry sandy soil with the purpose to predict stand growth (up to mature age) based on the analysis of the model of plantations growth (plantations have specific initial density and soil moisture conditions). Methods. A comparative analysis of data, obtained by the authors, was used in the research. The authors obtained data in the gradients of soil moistening and in the gradients of initial density of the cenosis of artificial origin. The following characteristics were analyzed: the reverse reaction to competitiveness by way of frequency and productivity change of the right and left types (according to А.V.Khokhrin) of pine and fir; heritable adaptation of these species either to dry or moist soils; differences in genotypic structure (population of different density); heritable “memory” of new generation to competitive conditions, which parent trees were growing in; stands growth depending on initial density strongly within the definite growth models. Results. The analysis showed that all these factors lead to the critical period occurrence in stands development. Later it will be almost impossible to change development od stands. Thus, it is vital to control density of plantations and natural young stands well before trees have maximum density, closure stands, canopy closure and increment. The earlier this work is done, the more productive the stand will be and the longer the period of intensive growth will be.
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РЕСУРСНО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕСОВ БРЯНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ; RESOURCE AND ECOLOGICAL ZONING OF FORESTS IN BRYANSK OBLAST
стр.18-30
УСТИНОВ М.В., УСТИНОВ М.М.; Ustinov M.V., Ustinov M.M.
Обосновано разделение территории Брянской области на ресурсно-экологические лесные районы с учётом почвенно-климатических, экологических условий, пространственной структуры и таксационных показателей лесного фонда с применением многомерных статистических методов. Forestry zoning has always been and still is of great importance for forest management. According to the Forest Code (2006), there was a radical change in the attitude to the forest lands rating towards their multipurpose use. Effective management of forestry and forest industry requires modern systematization of the division of the forest fund territory into the typical areas. The purpose of the research is to divide the Bryansk region territory into resource-ecological forest areas with the use of multivariate statistical methods. An assessment of the complex of 34 variables which are the characteristics of soil-climatic, ecological, forest and forest valuation factors was carried out. Besides the considered variables show economic, social and ecological factors in all the 18 forestries of the region. Six main components of the explained factors were determined. According to the Euclidean distance, soil and climatic factors have the greatest load. The second place in the load level take the areas of separate structures of the forest fund, the areas depending on the types of forests and taxation indices by forests’ types. When clustering along the separation strategy, 7 groups of forestries by six main components were revealed. Their reliability is confirmed by clustering of the objects, subsequently conducted by the coordinates of objects in the system of 5 -, 4 - and 3 principal components. In the four analyzed variants of the discriminant assessment, an intercluster Mahalanobis distance (D 2) exceeds the 95 percent confidence level. An assessment of the differences between the averages of variables according to the Student’s t-test revealed the variables influencing the difference between clusters. Thus, the selected clusters have the lowest variability of indicators, included in the analysis, and therefore they correspond to the notion of typicality (homogeneity) for the entire list of indicators involved.
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РАСШИРЕНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫХ МАНИПУЛЯТОРОВ САМОХОДНЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ МАШИН; EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONALITY OF THE AUTOMATED MANIPULATORS OF FOREST COMPLEX
стр.31-42
ЦАРЕВ Е.М., ОНУЧИН Е.М., КРЕНЕВ А.В.; Tsarev E.M., Onuchin E.M.
Проведено моделирование процессов функционирования системы автоматизированного управления манипулятором самоходной лесной машины. Выделено несколько этапов, составляющих хронологическую последовательность событий, характеризующих функционирование автоматизированной системы: сканирование площадки для размещения сортимента, нахождение графа перехода текущей конфигурации манипулятора в состояние, обеспечивающее захват сортимента, изменение конфигурации манипулятора путём подачи управляющих импульсов на гидроприводы. Приведены результаты моделирования вышеприведённых событий с найденными оптимальными параметрами. Mechanization and automation are inseparably connected with forest industry. Besides, it is the main field of activity. The main component of logging is represented by modern logging cars which allow to considerably improve the labor productivity and the quality of work. Relevance of the research is defined by the unsatisfactory level of mechanization and automation of a number of works in forest industry and forestry, in the field of maintenance and simple maintenance of cars and equipment of forest complex. The goal of the research is to increase the efficiency and to extend functionality of the automated manipulators for cars and the equipment of forest complex. The main stages of modeling of the system of scanning of a platform are reflected in the work for placement of assortments, the main stages of the monitoring system modeling by a manipulator configuration, stages of modeling of the monitoring system by hydraulic actuators are offered. In course of realization of modeling dependences of probabilities of recognition of arrangement of assortment on a step of scanning in axes X and Y, time of definition of the count from an elementary increment of coordinates of executive mechanisms and an error of reduction of a configuration of the manipulator to a demanded condition of an increment of coordinates of executive mechanisms were received. As a result, a value allowing to define a configuration of an arrangement of assortment with probability of 0.98 was obtained. The optimum increment of coordinates of spatial mechanisms equal to 4 cm by means of which the final count decides for 230 ms on probability of reduction 0.02 is found. The frequency characteristics showing efficiency of functioning of hydraulic actuators of the manipulator of the self-propelled car are received.
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ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АРБОЛИТА В КАЧЕСТВЕ ТЕПЛОИЗОЛЯЦИОННО-БАЛЛАСТНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ПОДВОДНЫХ ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ ЦЕНТРАЛИЗОВАННОГО ТЕПЛОСНАБЖЕНИЯ; USAGE OF WOOD CONCRETE AS THERMAL INSULATION-BALLAST MATERIAL OF UNDERWATER PIPELINES OF THE CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTEM
стр.43-56
Чемоданов А.Н., ГОРИНОВ Ю.А., САФИН Р.Г., АЛИБЕКОВ С.Я.; Chemodanov A.N., Gorinov Yu.A., Safin R.G., Alibekov S.Ya.
Обосновано применение арболита для тепловой изоляции и балластировки подводных теплопроводов. Выполнены расчёты устойчивости трубопровода и передачи теплоты через стенку трубопроводной конструкции, включающей стальную трубу в защитном полиэтиленовом кожухе с заполненным межтрубным пространством арболитом в качестве теплоизоляционно-балластного материала. New technique development is impossible without composite materials. By means of the optimum selection of the components, it is possible to obtain the best physical and mechanical properties of the materials. Wood concrete belongs to such materials. It can be used both for buildings construction and for underwater construction of heat pipes. Pipeline consists of a steel pipe in the plastic protective cover and tube space, filled with wood concrete. The goal of the research is to ground the usage of a new wood concrete composite with 1160 kg/m 3 density and with the coefficient of heat conduction of 0.12 W/mK as a cover of underwater pipelines of the centralized heat supply. With this end in view, a test of stability was carried out and the waste of heat through the wall was defined. Results. The calculations showed the following: underwater pipe construction has a negative buoyancy and stable position in the soil, waste of heat is less than the normalized value. Based on these results, it was concluded that the elaborated wood concrete composite has the necessary properties to be used as thermal insulation and ballasting of underwater pipelines.
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ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ГИДРОДИНАМИКИ «ТОРМОЗА-СТАБИЛИЗАТОРА»; THE «BRAKE - STABILIZER» HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES STUDY
стр.57-66
МАНУКОВСКИЙ А.Ю., МАКАРОВ Д.А.; Manukovskiy A.Yu., Makarov D.A.
Рассмотрена проблема осуществления плотового сплава леса в условиях малых габаритов лесосплавного хода. Описаны основные факторы, затрудняющие лесосплав на малых глубинах. Для решения проблемы представлено устройство для осуществления управления плотом в стеснённых условиях плавания. Описаны основные особенности предлагаемого устройства, среди которых возможность работы на участках рек с критически малым донным запасом. Приведены результаты математического моделирования, а также результаты экспериментального исследования процессов гидродинамики при управлении плотом с помощью «тормоза-стабилизатора» в сравнении с расчётными показателями. The problem of the timber rafting in terms of small size floating route was considered in the paper. The main factors hindering timber rafting in the rivers with shallow depths were described. To solve the problem, a device for a float control in the constrained conditions was offered. The main features of the device including the ability to work in the rivers with critically small bottom margin as well as the ability to change the generated braking force were described. The main requirements for timber floating in the rivers with shallow depths and the phenomena which occur in this situation are offered to better understand the problem. On the basis of the described requirements for the proposed construction of the raft with a mounted in it the control device («brake-stabilizer»), a mathematical simulation and experimental study were carried out. Mathematical simulation in the FlowVision medium and a pilot study of flow raft with a mounted in it a «brake-stabilizer» were described in the article step by step. The main parameters under investigation are the parameters of the construction subsidence due to a number of factors as well as the braking force generated by the «brake-stabilizer». The results of mathematical simulation as well as the results of an experimental study of the hydrodynamic processes in raft control by means of «brake-stabilizer» in comparison with the calculated values are offered. In addition to the results of mathematical simulation in FlowVision and some experimental data, design parameters of subsidence made by the usual Popov techniques and Bernoulli's equation to swim in the constrained conditions are offered. Comparison of the obtained results of the study was made.
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СТРУКТУРА МИКОБИОТЫ В РЕКРЕАЦИОННЫХ ЛЕСАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ МАРИЙ ЭЛ; MICOBIOTA STRUCTURE IN RECREATIONAL FORESTS OF MARI EL REPUBLIC
стр.67-77
Приведены результаты детального изучения грибов-макромицетов на лесных территориях Республики Марий Эл с различными видами рекреационного лесопользования; изучен видовой состав и проведён анализ таксономической и эколого-трофической структуры выявленных макромицетов; изучено комплексное влияние рекреационных нагрузок на грибы-макромицеты в лесных фитоценозах. Выделены виды ксилотрофных макромицетов, реакция которых на антропогенное вмешательство служит показателем усиления рекреационного воздействия, среди них синантропные виды, проявляющие активность в антропогенно-нарушенных фитоценозах, и чувствительные виды, исчезающие при усилении рекреационной нагрузки. Introduction. Taking into account high importance of fungi in functioning of biogeocoenosis, the problems of micobiota inventory and revealing of peculiarities of anthropogenic changes of species diversity and structure of macromycetes are the most vital tasks of fungology. The goal of the paper is to reveal influence of recreation on species composition and on the structure of fungus- macromycetes. The objects of the research are forest communities of the Republic of Mari El with different nature and extent of recreational activity. Field methods of registration of fungus- macromycetes, geobotanical methods of assessment of species diversity and structure of macromycetes are used in the researches. Results. A detailed study of fungus- macromycetes in Mari El Republic forests ( different types of forest management) was carried out; species composition was studied and the analysis of taxonomic and ecologo- trophic structure of the revealed macromycetes was carried out; complex influence of recreational loads on fungus- macromycetes of forest communities was investigated. The types of basidiomicota were revealed, reaction of the macromycetes to anthropogenic interference serve as an index of intensification of recreational impact (synanthropes are among them), showing activity in the man-disturbed plant communities and sensible species, vanishing in case of intensificationof recreational load.
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БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РОДА JUNGLANS L. В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЯ; BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JUNGLANS L. GENUS IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION
стр.78-85
БАРАНОВА Т.В., НИКОЛАЕВ Е.А.; Baranova T.V. Nikolaev E.A.
Зимостойкость, заморозкоустойчивость, засухоустойчивость, устойчивость к вредителям и болезням, долговечность, характер роста, плодоношение являются показателями перспективности выращивания видов рода Junglans в условиях Центрального Черноземья. Доля многоядерных клеток как цитологический показатель связана с зимостойкостью форм Junglans regia. Доля многоядерных клеток в корешках значительно выше у местных форм Junglans regia, чем у молдавских. Местные формы Junglans regia отличаются большей зимостойкостью, чем молдавские. Частичная соматическая полиплоидия в онтогенезе предположительно способствует формированию более стойких особей. Виды рода Junglans перспективны для культивирования в Центральном Черноземье. Возможно их применение в садово-парковом строительстве и лесном хозяйстве. The goal of this research is to study somatic ploidy of the local sorts of Junglans regia and its winter hardness depending on geographic origin and perspectivity of its cultivation and cultivation of its hybrid in conditions of Central Black Earth region. The following local sorts of germinated Junglans regia - Verkhnekievskaya, Verkhne-Ramonetskaya, Таrusovskaya, Limarevskaya, Кravtsovskaya, Каntemirovskaya, Perevalenskaya, Моrozovskaya - were the data for the study. Germinated Junglans regia of such Moldavian sorts as Tonkoskorlupnaya, Obyknovennaya, Bolgarskaya were used for the control. Constantly pressed slides were prepared by the methods, elaborated for European white birch. Examination of the microscope slides was carried out with the use of microscope МBI-6 in the optical field with К7х eye glass and 20, 40, 90 object glass. Twenty rootlets of each sort were analyzed. Four thousand interphases were studied. A share of multinucleate cells was calculated as a relation of their number to the total number of cells in the interphase (percentage). Winter hardness was determined by N.К. Vekhov scale. Conclusions. A share of multinucleate cells as a cytological index is connected with winter hardness of Junglans regia sorts. A share of multinucleate cells in the rootlets is significantly higher in local sorts of Junglans regia in comparison with the Moldavian sorts. Local sorts of Junglans regia have better winter hardness than the Moldavian sorts. Local somatic polyploidy in ontogeny hypothetically contributes to formation of more resistant species. Sorts of Junglans are perspective for cultivation in the Central Black Earth region. They may be used in landscaping and forestry.
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РОСТ И БИОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ СУСПЕНЗИОННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ TAXUS BACCATA ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ В КОЛБАХ И БИОРЕАКТОРЕ; GROWTH AND BIOARTIFICIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAXUS BACCATA SUSPENSION CULTURE (CULTIVATION IN FLASKS AND BIOREACTOR)
стр.86-97
ОРЛОВА Л.В., ГЛОБА Е.Б., Черняк Н.Д., ДЕМИДОВА Е.В., Титова М.В., СОЛОВЧЕНКО А.Е., Сергеев Р.В., НОСОВ А.М.; Orlova L.V., Globa E.B., Chernyak N.D., Demidova E.V., TITOVA M.V., Solovchenko A.E., SERGEEV R.V., Nosov A.M.
Проведено выращивание и анализ ростовых характеристик суспензионной культуры Taxus baccata (линия 107ПВП) при выращивании в колбах и барботажном биореакторе рабочим объёмом 1,5 л в полупроточном режиме. Показано, что культура обладает удовлетворительным ростом, при этом ростовые показатели исследуемой линии при аппаратном культивировании близки к показателям, полученным при периодическом выращивании в колбах. По результатам фитохимического анализа (данные ВЭЖХ с диодноматричным детектором) установлено, что исследуемая суспензионная культура клеток тиса ягодного содержит таксоиды (баккатин III и паклитаксел). Образование таксоидов сохраняется при переходе к аппаратурному выращиванию исследуемой культуры клеток Taxus baccata, что важно для её биотехнологического использования. One of the most promising trends of modern phytobiotechnology is the usage of cultures of tissues and cells of higher plants for production of biologically active substances. The plants of Taxus kind are of considerable interest for the researchers as they are a source of anticancer agents. The goal of the research was to carry out a comparative analysis of growth and biosynthetic characteristics of Taxus baccata suspension culture. A strain of suspension cell culture of Taxus baccata was used as the object of research. Initial T. baccata callus culture was obtained in the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences out from the segments of the female plant shoots of T. baccata. A line of suspension culture cells was obtained in the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences out from callus cultures of cells of T. baccata. The cycle time of subculturing was 3-4 weeks. A bubble conical bioreactor (2.0 total volume) was used for hardware cultivation. Growth index, specific growth rate, productivity of cells biomass were calculated for the studied cultures. Results. It was revealed that the viability of cells was maintained at 93-95 % at the beginning of cultivation cycle and decreased slightly by the end of cultivation (up to 82-83 %). The maximum accumulation of biomass in dry cell weight was observed in 24-27 days (8.3 g / l). The studied line is characterized by a
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