The present study deals with in vitro effects of allelochemicals present in leaf and fruit leachate of Momordica charantia in vitro on plant growth and metabolism of Lycopersicon esculentum . Momordica was selected as a donor plant and tomato as recipient. Seeds of tomato were shown in pots and after germination different concentrations viz. 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaf and fruit leachates were applied as treatment. Twenty days old seedlings were harvested for biophysical and biochemical analyses. The root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings decreased in dose dependent manner. The reduction in pigment and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity was concentration dependent. Membrane leakage increased as the concentration of leachates increased. Activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities significantly enhanced under allelopathic stress. Inhibition of various metabolic activities under allelopathic stress resulted in decreased plant growth and development. The fruit leachate of Momordica was more inhibitory than leaf leachate.
Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии / Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry
2014. — Выпуск 2
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In this study experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on germination characteristics, seed reserve utilization and malondialdehyde of two wheat cultivars. The experiment was conducted in factorial with a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results of variance analysis showed that, seed aging had significant effects on germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage, mean time to germination, malondialdehyde content, seedling dry weight, weight of utilized (mobilized) seed reserve and electrical conductivity. The highest germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage, seedling dry weight and weight of utilized (mobilized) seed reserve and the minimum mean time to germination, electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content were attained from Verinak cultivar under control conditions (0 day aging). Results indicates that germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage, seedling dry weight, and weight of utilized (mobilized) seed reserve decreased significantly as seed aging progressed. But, mean time to germination, electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content increased significantly as seed aging progressed. Also, the decrease in seed reserve mobilization rate was the cause of decreased other traits.
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In order to study the influence of expression of heterologous genes of different origin ( cyp 11A1 and des C) on canola thermotolerance improvement on leaf membrane level the fatty acid composition was analyzed under short-time heat test. C yp 11A1 gene encodes cytochrome P450 SCC from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria and was shown to affect the biosynthesis of steroid compounds. DesC gene encodes ∆9-acyl-lipid desaturase of cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus. Decrease in palmitlinolenic acid content and index unsaturation as well as increase in total fatty acid and palmitic acid content were identified in cyp 11A1 canola in comparison with wild-type plants in stressfull conditions. But control and des C plants demonstrated similar changes in saturated (16:0), trienoic (16:3 and 18:3) fatty acid quantity, total fatty acid content and index unsaturation. Heterologous des C gene expression did not influence fatty acid composition and did not give advantages for plant under heat. Integration of cyp 11A1 gene in canola led to thermotolerance improvement on membrane level.
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Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of butanolic extract from leaves of Chrysanthemum fontanesii , vitamin E and C to modulate ethanol-Induced toxicity and oxidation damage in maternal and fetal tissues of mice. Butanolic extract from leaves of Chrysanthemum fontanesii (200 mg/Kg per day), vitamin E (100mg/Kg per day) and C (8.3mg/Kg per day) were administered by gavage to groups of pregnant mice from the 6 th to 17 th day of gestation. A number of animals received plant extract, vitamin E and C, also treated with an oral administration of ethanol (0.02ml/g of 25% v/v absolute ethanol in water per day) in same conditions. On day 18 of gestation, pregnant mice were killed, fetus, placenta, fetal liver, liver, kidneys and brain were removed, homogenised and used for determination of lipid peroxidation (LPO) using TBARS method. Embryotoxicity was assessed by counting the number of live and dead fetus and growth retardation. Results: Severe alterations in all biomarkers were observed after injury with ETOH. ETOH produced significant decreases in fetal weight and significant increases in embryolethality and lipid peroxidation relative to control values. Treatment with Chrysanthemum fontanesii extract, vitamin C and vitamin E resulted in markedly decreased embryolethality and fetal growth retardation, while increased fetal weight were observed. Conclusion: The butanolic extract from leaves of Chrysanthemum fontanesii , vitamin E and C protected against ethanol induce fetal and maternal toxicity as revealed by the decrease in the extent of lipid peroxidation. So that butanolic extract from leaves of Chrysanthemum fontanesii posses in vivo antioxidant properties.
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The environmental contamination with high salt is the elementary intimidation to the agriculture. Maize plants were deeply affected due to salinity worldwide and a severe problem to scientists. A probable survival strategy of the plants under unpleasant environmental circumstances is to use of endogenous metabolites that could ameliorate the harsh effect of salinity. Current study was under taken to observe the effect of cinnamic acid (CA), a central molecule of phenylpropanoid pathway (Secondary metabolism) on the growth and development of maize plants under NaCl stress conditions. CA is rapidly produced by plants in response to stressful condition. Response to maize seed to the presoaking treatment 0.05mM CA was deliberated under different concentration of NaCl stress such as 50, 100, 150, 200, mM NaCl for 14 days. The injurious effects of salinity on growth and development were manifested by decreased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll pigment contents. Degree of lipid peroxidation turned down through the significant decrease in MDA content in maize seedlings. CA induced the anatomical properties under salinity in present exploration. The cortical cells were induced in root in response to CA than stress. Here, the present study was undertaken with the aim of determining salt induced anatomical and morphological alteration in the presence of exogenous CA. The major reduction in dimension of cortical cells was observed which indicate that salt stress reduced the tolerance of cortical cell more than treatment in maize root. We conclude that CA is a potential phenylpyranoid for protecting crop plant under saline environment.
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A study of parameters associated with adjustments in internal water balance, namely: diurnal variation in transpiration rate, stomatal opening area, relative water content, water use efficiency, hormonal level of wheat flag leaves in relation to grain yield is presented. Drought induced marked decreases in diurnal and mean daily values of transpiration rate, stomatal pore areas (on upper and lower sides), relative water content, water use efficiency, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA 3), cytokinins (CK s) and grain yield but led to a significant increase in the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in flag leaves of the wheat cultivars. Grain presoaking in salicylic acid or foliar application with glycine betaine alleviated the stress by keeping water within leaves and consequently recover the turgidity of stressed plants by restricting the transpiration rate, stomatal closure, decreasing the ABA level and enhancing the growth promoters particularly (IAA, GA 3 & CK s) particularly with the sensitive cultivar. Furthermore, the effect was more pronounced with glycine betaine + salicylic acid treatment. The grain yield appeared to be positively correlated with IAA, GA 3, CK, RWC, WUE G and WUE B but negatively correlated with ABA, SWD, transpiration rate and stomatal areas on both wheat cultivars.
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The present work has been undertaken to study the effect of exogenously application of 24-epiBL and 28-homoBL on soluble protein, proline contents and antioxidant defense system of Brassica juncea L. RLM 619 under the influence of seasonal stress. It was observed that 24-epiBL and 28-homoBL treatment enhance the soluble protein, dry weight and shoot length of B. juncea seedlings under seasonal stress. If seeds treated with the different concentrations (10 -6, 10 -8 and 10 -10 M) of 24-epiBL and 28-homoBL revealed batter growth, protein and proline contents as compare to untreated seedlings. Similarly the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, APOX, DHAR, PPO and Auxinases were enhanced by the application of different concentration of both brassinosteroids, whereas MDA content was decrease with both brassinosteroids treatments. Then we have concluded that both brassinolides have the seasonal stress ameliorative properties in B. juncea seedlings grown under the influence of seasonal stress. This study culminates to the role of brassinolides as an anti-stress property for protection of plant from various types of stresses.
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Liver is involved in several vital functions such as synthesis, secretion, storage and metabolism of plasma proteins and in detoxifying functions. In the present study, hepatocytes were obtained by disaggregation of caprine liver caudate lobe. The cells were cultured under controlled conditions in a CO 2 incubator at different temperatures. The function of hepatocyte culture was evaluated in terms of secretion of albumin, urea and acitivity of Lactate dehydrogenase. Cells were cultured at three different temperatures, i.e. 37, 40 and 42 o C, and at each temperature, the culture was propagated for 24,48 and 72h time interval respectively. At 37 oC, the concentration of albumin and urea increased in the culture temporally where as activity of LDH decreased by 72h. The least square mean (LSM) concentration of albumin, urea in culture decreased and activity of LDH increased significantly (P<0.01) at 40 and 42 oC, when compared with respective values at 37 oC. Hence effect of thermal stress(40 and 42 oC) on activity of hepatocyte antioxidant enzymes ( super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and TGF β secretion in vitro was further evaluated. It was observed that there was significant increase (P<0.01) in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes . The LSM activity of all the enzymes increased significantly at 40 and 42 oC when compared with the enzyme activity at 37 oC, but increase in the secretion of TGF β could be observed only at 42 oC post 48h of incubation. TGF β is associated with apoptosis and cytotoxicity. It was observed that viability of the cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) only at 42 oC post 48h of incubation. It can be concluded that hyperthermic conditions were observed to be stressful for hepatocytes during in vitro conditions, which proved to be more significant at 42 oC post 48h of incubation. Further work has to be carried out with some supplements which can reduce the hyperthermic effect. In vivo studies in caprine species will give further insight on thermal stress. To the best of our knowledge no studies on hyperthermic effect on hepatocytes in caprine species in vitro or in vivo has been reported.
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In order to investigate the ability of constant temperature and thermoregulation in Apodemus chevrieri , body temperature and rest metabolic rate (RMR) were measured during postnatal development (1～42 day) when the A. chevrieri exposed different ambient temperature. The result showed that: body temperature and RMR of pups in A. chevrieri increased according to the increase of ambient temperature during 1 day to 7 day, showed character of poikilotherms; body temperature of pups were lower in low temperature(5 oC and 10 oC), relatively and RMR significant increased when day age is 14 day, it indicated that the pups showed a certain degree of thermoregulation in this phase. Its thermoregulation ability developed quickly during 7 day to 14 day. RMR of pups was extreme significantly higher in low temperature than that in other temperature when day age was 21 day, it showed that the pups had some thermoregulation to low temperature stimulation. The RMR of pups was showed increasing trend in high temperature(35 oC) when 28 day; when day age was 35 day and 42 day, the thermal neutral zone were 22.5 to 30 oC and approaching its adult level. All of these results indicated that pups of A. chevrieri in the different growing period had different thermogenesis and energy allocation to maintain stable to body temperature, thermogenesis was weaker in the early phase of postnatal development, most of energy is used to its growth. After pups were weaned, the ability of constant temperature and thermoregulation developed quickly to adjust variations of environment during postnatal development.
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We investigated calcium (Ca) and L-histidine (His) interaction on nickel (Ni)-induced oxidative stress tolerance in two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) cultivars including Cal-J N3 and Petoearly CH. CaCl 2 (0 and 300 µM) and L-histidine (0 and 300 µM) effects on the oxidative responses in these cultivars cultured were compared in the hydroponic media under Ni stress (NiSO 4; 0,150 and 300 µM). The activities of antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total content of proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA), other aldehydes, H 2O 2, Ca 2+, Ni 2+, ascorbate (ASC), dehydroascorbate (DHA) and electrolytes leakage (EL) were determined. The obtained results indicated that the application of Ca and His generally reduced oxidative markers such as the contents of EL, H 2O 2, MDA and activity of CAT as well as the Ni 2+content of root and shoot organs under nickel toxicity, while application of Ni treatment without Ca+His increased these oxidative parameters and accumulation of Ni 2+, compared to the control. Applying Ni without Ca and His has resulted in reduction of GPX, APX and SOD activities as well as concentrations of root and shoot Ca 2+and ASC in the two mentioned cultivars. Application of Ca and His lead to the elevated contents of Ca 2+ and ASC, increased activities of GPX, APX and SOD as well as inhibition of Ni 2+ accumulation differently in both cultivars. Ca and His also alleviated the adverse effects of Ni stress on the selected investigated parameters especially in Petoearly CH cultivar. Thus, interaction of Ca and His appeared to improve adaptive responses to Ni stress leading to decreasing Ni-induced oxidative stress in the tomato plants. Therefore, our results suggest that Ca+His alleviated nickel-induced oxidative stress by uptake and inhibition of translocation of Ni 2+ plus Ni chelating mechanism improvement in the tomato cultivars.
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Seed priming was used to reinforcement of barley seedling growth under water deficit stress in a greenhouse condition. Barley seeds were primed with humic acid, Pseudomonas Spp., Marmarin, distilled water (hydropriming) and none (as control) under four levels of water deficit stress (irrigation at 20 (I 1), 40 (I 2), 60 (I 3) and 80% (I 4) field capacity). Results indicated that all measured parameters were decreased with increasing the stress levels, except root length and root-shoot ratio. The highest value of root length (18.42 cm) and root-shoot ratio (2.84) was obtained in the I 1 irrigation regime. However, I 2, I 3 and I 4 irrigation regimes did not significantly affect on barley seedling traits, but I 1 irrigation regime exhibited better growth. Seed priming with Pseudomonas affected root length, root and shoot dry weight, plant height and SPAD, significantly. Seed priming with Marmarin showed best results on SPAD. The maximum (0.37 g/plant) shoot dry weight was obtained from I 2 irrigation regime with hydropriming treatment. Whereas, the lowest shoot dry weight (0.14 g/plant) was observed in I 1 irrigation regimes in control condition. Hydropriming shows better response in root length, root and shoot and plant height and was equal with Pseudomonas , so it could be considered as a suitable substitute in organic agricultural systems.
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The crop yield is reduced under saline conditions and this hampers agricultural productivity. The incorporation of plant growth regulators (PGRs) during presoaking treatments in many crops has improved seed performance under saline conditions. In order to study the ameliorative effect of plant growth regulators, experiments were conducted to study the variation in organic constituents in the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. var.PEB, where the seeds were primed with different plant growth regulators and grown under NaCl salinity. After a pre-soaking treatment of six hours in 20 mg L -1 solutions of gibberllic acid (GA 3), 6-furfuryladenine (Kinetin) and benzyl adenine (BA), the seeds were allowed to germinate and grow for forty-five days under saline conditions. On the analysis of mature leaves, it was observed that chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and protein showed an increase in PGR-treated plants compared to the untreated set. The accumulation of the stress metabolite such as proline and sugars, which increase under saline conditions, showed a significant decrease in the plants pretreated with PGRs.
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In order to study the effects of drought stress and plant density on yield and yields Components of maize ( cv. 604), an experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Ilam station, Iran during 2007-2008 growing season. The treatment were three levels of irrigation (90, 120 and 150 evaporation (mm) from pan (Class A)) as main plots, four planting densities (90000, 100000, 110000 and 125000 plants ha -1) as sub plot. The results showed that different levels of irrigation on the most of measured traits were significant at 1% probability level. Level of irrigation 90 mm evaporation (mm) from pan had a highest a number grain per row, 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and biologic yield other than traits. Between plating density the most of measured traits were significant. The highest grain yield, row per ear, number grain per row, biologic yield and harvest index obtained in 110000 plants ha -1. Interaction effect of irrigation × plant density was effect on grain yield. The highest grain yield from 90 mm evaporation×110000 plants ha -1 and the lowest grain yield from 150 mm evaporation×90000 plants ha -1.
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In a greenhouse experiment, plant growth and rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of chloride and sodium were investigated in seedlings of pistachio ( Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand) inoculated with Glomus mosseae and exposed for 21 and 42 days with four salinity levels (0.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 dSm -1). Mycorrhizal (+M) plants maintained greater root and shoot biomass at all salinity levels compared to non-mycorrhizal (-M) plants. In -M plants, salt intensity had no significant effect on shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW) on each of harvesting dates but root dry weight (RDW) showed a significant decrease at the highest salinity level 42 days after the start of salt treatment (DAT) in comparison with control (EC of 0.5 dSm -1). In +M plants, SDW was increased with an increase in salt intensity especially in the first harvesting date. The same increase was observed in RDW of +M plants while LDW was not affected by salt stress levels. Rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of Cl - and Na + were markedly lower in +M than in - M plants leading to decrease in accumulation of them. In conclusion, the study indicates that pistachio tolerance to salt stress is improved by mycorrhizal colonization, although the salinity levels used in this work could not induce biomass reduction in -M pistachio plants, higher levels of salinity should be investigated in order to optimize the effect of this symbiosis.
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Water stress is likely the most important factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. In this study two wheat cultivars Gemmieza-7 (sensitive) and Sahel-1 (tolerant) were subjected to water stress and compared in terms of growth parameters (growth vigor of root and shoot), water relations (relative water content and saturation water deficit ) and protein as well as nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) content in flag leaves of both cultivars. In general, water stress caused noticeable reduction in almost all growth criteria of root, shoot and flag leaf which was consistent with the progressive alteration in water relations, protein and nucleic acids content of both cultivars during grain filling. Furthermore, degree of leaf succulence and degree of leaf sclerophylly were severely affected by water stress in both wheat cultivars. In relation to wheat cultivar, the sensitive was more affected by water stress than the tolerant one. Generally, the application of salicylic acid, trehalose or their interaction induced marked increase in growth vigor of root and shoot, water relations and protein as well as nucleic acids in flag leaves of both wheat cultivars in compare with control and water stressed plants. In conclusion, Sahel-1 has suitable mechanisms to enable it to respond more effectively to water stress than Gemmieza-7.
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In the present study the salinity stress, antioxidant enzyme and antimicrobial activities of leaf extract of Avicennia marina were investigated. As visualized from SDS-PAGE, no differences was found in number of protein band, but the intensities of several protein bands having apparent molecular mass by reduced severely in salt treated samples with enhanced activities of CAT, POX and GPX. Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Staphylococus aureus (ATCC 6538), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633) and fungus ( Candida albicans ATCC 2091, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) were used as the test pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively in this study. The Avicennia marina extract possessed antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis (12, 6, and 7 mm respectively), with antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (9 and 10 mm).
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From the ecological and economic point of view Agropyron elongatum , among perennial grasses, has a special place. This study was conducted to determine the most appropriate seed priming treatment and whether after a temporary stress removal, primed seeds have a higher recovery efficiency compared with unprimed seeds? In this research, seed was treated with different osmo and hydro priming and evaluated their effect by conducting germination test under drought stress (-1.2 and -1.4 MPa PEG) and recovery test. Hydro-primed seeds at 10 °C at all times (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) during priming; most indices of germination significantly improved compared to unprimed seeds. Also, seeds treated with osmopriming at both temperatures (10 & 15 °C) and all times of priming compared to unprimed seeds in the stress level of -1.2 MPa, the germination characteristics were improved. However, by increasing the potential of stress, few priming treatments have been able to maintain their superiority. It appears that priming can partially be effective on stress resistance and if the stress threshold is slightly higher than expected (this threshold for the Agropyron seeds in this study was -1.2 MPa) cannot have a noticeable effect on resistance to drought stress and can even be harmful too. All treatments which were placed in stressful situations and then moved to fresh water, showed a variety of recovery responses. As we viewed, primed seeds with a solution of -0.6 MPa urea for 12 h at 15 °C and followed by PEG solutions (-1.2 and -1.4 MPa) for 5 days and subsequently moved to fresh water conditions, had higher performance compared to unprimed seeds (P<0.05). In many of priming treatments by increasing the potential of drought stress; on recovery of germination percentage, final germination and normal seedling percentage were added. It seems that high concentrations induce a state of quiescence, and this may suggest an important adaptation for growth in arid and semi-arid environments.
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The study was carried out to study the cumulative effect of thermal stress and feed restriction in kids. Twelve kids of Alpine x Beetle cross were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as control and group 2 was put on restricted feeding and exposed at 40, 42 and 44 oC. Body weights of both groups were similar before thermal exposure and feed restriction. Body weight of group 1 increased significantly and were higher than group 2 throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were comparable in both groups after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding (42-63 days). Body weights of group 2 remained lower than group 1, the losses in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated and there was approximately 25% loss in body weight at the end of experiment. Physiological responses of group 2 were significantly lower before exposure to high temperature but increased significantly after exposure at temperature 40, 42 and 44 oC and the increase was in commensurate with the increase in exposure temperature. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and serum enzymes decreased significantly on exposure at higher temperature and differences were higher in feed restricted group. T 3, T 4 and cortisol concentration were similar in both groups before feed restriction and thermal stress. T 3, T 4 concentration decreased while cortisol concentration increased significantly after exposure to high temperature. Variations in plasma enzymes, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT were not significant before feed restriction and thermal stress. The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase decreased whereas that of SGOT and SGPT increased significantly on exposure at temperature 40 oC and subsequent changes at temperature 42 and 44 oC were not significant. The study indicated that animals of group 2 experienced more stress as observed by significant alteration in body weights, physiological responses, serum enzymes, electrolytes, plasma hormones and blood metabolites and the losses occurred in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding.
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In order to gain insight into the biochemical basis of invasiveness of invasive alien species, in the present study the expression of antioxidant boiling stable proteins (peroxidase, SOD and catalase) was studied in Parthenium hysterophorus . Parthenium an annual invasive weed of family Asteraceae , is native to tropical America while wide spread in north America, many parts of Africa, Australia and India. It tolerates a wide variety of abiotic conditions in the natural habitat. The analysis of boiling stable proteins was outlined by Native-PAGE analysis. Some barely detectable boiling stable proteins were detected. The Zymogram analysis revealed a substantial expression of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in the leaves and mature flowers of Parthenium. However, no substantial catalase activity was detected in the boiled protein samples of all the tissues examined. Based upon these results, a possible physiological role of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in parthenium tissues was discussed.
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Stress, being the general reaction of the organism to the physical and psychological effects, accompanies all the stages of somatic and psychic formation. Hemorrhagic shock occurring at blood loss appears to be a powerful stress for the organism. The origin (emergence) and spread of stress reactions are characterized by the features of the macro-and microcirculation. In stressful situations the crisis of blood circulation affects the functions of hemorheological disorders, as well as appears to be a consequence of the shock. We were the first to combine these two problems. The dilemma has been built. Blood loss, being a cause of hemorrhagic shock development while spending adaptive energy would result in more slack development of stress stages, or the body who has received the stress from the outside, will be more subjected to hemorrhagic shock. The following specific objectives were set to answer this question: to ascertain the intensity of the transition from the lower grade of stress to higher due to the development of hemorrhagic shock and to investigate the hemorheological properties of blood at different stages of hemorrhagic shock and at different grades of stress. Experimental stress was induced by heating (hyperthermia). The erythrocyte aggregation increased as the blood volume quantity grew at the bleeding, i.e. with the increasing of shock stages by 10%, 25% and more than 110% compared to the control. When heated the erythrocyte aggregation increased with the transition of stress from one grade to another by 5%, 20% and 80% compared to the control and the increase of the amount of discharged blood was exacerbated at the first and second grades of the stress. During the third grade, even at low blood discharge the aggregation critically increased. The data obtained have shown that at hemorrhagic shock the stress developed according to the amount of blood loss, while in the stressful individuals of first and second grades, depending on the state of shock the aggregation increased analogously, but more intensely. The stress of third grade completely disturbed blood hemorheology even at the first stage of shock and induced lethality. The hemorrhagic shock, expending adaptive energy, stimulated the development of stress stages, but lethality occurred as a result of a critical blood loss. The organism receiving an external stress, was more exposed to hemorrhagic shock and lethality. Our findings appear to be only the first experimental session of this problem. Further research in this direction may shed light on the development of hemorheological component of stress reactions. Probably, this will be the basis of the preventive measures at risk factors for the development of hemorrhagic shock of various etiologies, as well as in the evaluation of stressful situations of various nature.
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The work was aimed to study the degree of wood damage through artificial freezing and dehydrin changes in apple bark. The relation between apple tree cold hardiness and dehydrin accumulation and degradation rate was established.
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In order to investigate the changes of plasticity of visceral organs and digestive tract morphology in Apodemus chevrieri which inhabit in Hengduan mountain region, the organ masses and digestive tract which include the changes of heart, lung, liver , spleen and kidney as well as the length and weight of stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cecum were measured during cold and warm acclimation. The results showed that the weight of heart and liver of cold acclimation group were obviously higher than that of warm acclimation group. The weight and length of small intestine showed significant differences between two groups. All of the results indicated that A. chevrieri maintain their normal life activities by increasing the weight of related organ masses and adjusting the weight and length of small intestine under cold temperature.
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Vitamins are the functional components of various enzyme-regulated biochemical reactions occurring to create energy. Vitamin contents of plants are known to show altered metabolism under the influence of salinity. Not much of work has been done on the influence of salinity on the vitamin content in higher plants. Present study was carried out to study the influence of NaCl salinity on vitamin content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea . Spinacia oleracea plants were grown in earthen pots and were subjected to different concentrations of saline water (NaCl) treatment. Control plants were irrigated with tap water. Treatments started after the seedling emergence and continued till the plants were 45 day old. Mature leaves of these plants were harvested and used for studies. Thiamine and riboflavin content were found to increase with increase in NaCl concentration, however, β-carotene was found to decrease with increasing level of NaCl in the growth medium.
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This research aimed at studying the physiologic traits of maize different hybrids and considering them as screening criteria to select the drought tolerant hybrids. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications and in a split-plot arrangement. The treatments were as follows: Maize Hybrids (including SC400, ZP434, SC524, ZP599, BC66, SC704) and irrigation regimes (including optimum; 100% FC, moderate; 75% FC, and severe stress; 50% FC). Results showed that drought stress significantly affects most of the studied indices. These indices also had significant differences in the above mentioned hybrids. Indices of leaf relative water content and temperature of the canopy varied significantly under drought stress. So, they could be used as suitable criteria to measure the level of stress effect on the plant and also to lay out the irrigation schedule. Findings of the study suggest that blistering is the best growth stage to screen the hybrids and among the studied indices, the ELWL is the best item for screening.
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The effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, physiology, distribution and tolerance was examined in root, shoot and leaves of yard-long bean ( Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). The seeds were grown in pot culture under laboratory conditions for 60 days in Ferriera and Davis nutrient solution with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of cadmium. Cd toxicity was evident from chlorosis in young leaves and increased concentrations of Cd brought significant negative effects on plant growth, photosynthetic rate and protein biosynthesis. Translocation of Cd was found to be more in roots than the above ground parts and the accumulation was in the order of root > shoot > leaf. Low root to shoot translocation of Cd makes the crop ideal for phytostabilization. Relatively high metal tolerance index obtained in the study indicated that the crop has greater tolerance to increase Cd exposure, though accumulation of Cd had altered thickness of root and root biomass. Owing to the crop’s adaptability to high temperature, drought conditions and ability to retain Cd in roots makes it a promising candidate for phytostabilization of soil contaminated by Cd.
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Soil salinity occupies a prominent place among the soil problems that threaten the sustainability of agriculture over a vast area in the world. It affects plant morpho-physiology and ultimately leads to reduction in productivity. It is essential to test important medicinal plants for their salinity tolerance as research efforts aim to explore economic benefits under saline conditions. Keeping in view the importance of Stevia and salinity, present study had been designed to investigate the effect of salinity on biochemical parameters in two Stevia genotypes. Two node microcuttings were subjected to MS media supplemented with different NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 mM). Chlorophyll amount was observed to be decreased as compared to sugars, proline and phenols with increased salt concentrations.
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Accumulation pattern of Al, Cd, Fe, Hg, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in Chromolaena odorata plants grown in Hoagland nutrient solution and soil contaminated with known quantities of the above said metals was investigated. Significant variations in the quantity of accumulation as well as distribution among plant parts like root, stem and leaf were shown between the metals. Accumulation of Pb was maximum in the root followed by Fe and Al. Maximum quantity of each metal was accumulated in the root as compared to stem and leaf. Drastic differences in the accumulation pattern of metals between the nutrient solution and soil culture was observed. Comparatively small quantity of metal was accumulated in the plants of soil despite several fold quantity of each metal was given. The results are discussed in terms of BCF, TF, metal specificity as well as detoxification mechanisms.
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Heavy metal contamination is becoming a major threat to plants due to increasing industrialization. Copper is one of essential element required in trace amounts for the regular development of plants. Its excessive concentration alters the metabolism of plants. Brassinosteroids are polyhydoxylated steroidal plant hormone found to alleviate the various abiotic stresses including heavy metal stress. In the present study, effect of 24-EBL was studied in Brassica juncea plants under Cu stress. The B. juncea was grown in Cu (0, 0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM) treated soil. The seeds was soaked in the solution of 24-EBL (0, 10 -7, 10 -9 and 10 -11 M) for 8 hours. The plants were harvested on 45 th DAS. The harvested plants were used for the protein quantification and analysis of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GR, APOX, DHAR and MDHAR). The results revealed that Cu treatment lowered the protein content, while at the same time, application of 24-EBL improved the protein content. The activity of various enzymes increased under the Cu stress. The application of 24-EBl had further enhanced the activity of enzymes indicating that it may relieve the oxidative stress caused by the copper metal.
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The emergence and spread of stress reactions are provided by the blood circulation system. In its turn, the adequacy of blood circulation depends on the hemorheological and vascular mechanisms. The changeability of their properties appears to be the basis of the increasing of stress stages. From the viewpoint of biophysical reactions, any change and movement occur with the expenditure and accumulation of energy. Higher level of adaptation energy waste and secondary level take place, when a small stressor entails a small expenditure. There is a maximum possible rate of adaptive energy consumption and at this maximum the organism cannot cope with any additional stimulus. At the same time adaptive and stress diseases develop. Let’s consider the duration and manifestation of Raynaud's disease from the perspective of adaptation diseases and diseases of the third grade, which appears to be the cause of the double stress effect - cold and emotional- physical and psychic. Total of 97 patients with Raynaud's disease were examined. For a new vision of the problem it was necessary to find out how the streessors of various nature impact the hemoreheological status and vascular resistance. For this purpose all the patients were examined for a resistance index of resistive arteries of the hand and the indices of erythrocyte aggregation and deformability. The patients were divided into four subgroups. The first subgroup - the patients after chilblain, the second subgroup - the patients with psychic strerssor, the third subgroup - the patients with prolonged chronic stress, and the fourth subgroup - the patients without the differentiation of the stressors. According to the obtained results, it is obvious that at cold and emotional stress (I and II subgroups) the hemorheological and vascular parameters are changed. However, this change (hemorheological and vascular) is more pronounced at chronic emotional stress (III subgroup) as compared both to the control and other subgroups. As compared with other subgroups the hemorheological and vascular factors in the IV subgroup differ less from the control. Summarizing the data, it is well seen that the change in hemorheological and vascular properties, so characteristic of Raynaud's disease varies within the limits of the pathological changes in these parameters and depends on the nature and character of the stressor. For an adequate treatment and a final answer the question on Raynaud's disease etiology, as well as on the role of various srtressors in the triggering mechanism and in manifestations of the disease it is necessary to continue a joint clinical-experimental research together with the specialists studying stress.