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Bioremediation of copper stressed Trigonella foenum graecum
стр.5-24
Copper is one of the heavy metals, although it is an essential microelement through interference with numerous physiological processes, when it absorbed in excess amounts, it can be toxic and induce a number of deleterious effects. A pot experiment was conducted in order to assess the possible effects of Nostoc muscorum (2 g/ kg soil fresh pellets) on the growth and some metabolic activities of Trigonella foenum gracum at 30 and 60 days of growth growing under copper stress. This experimental plant was grown in clay-sandy soil (2:1 W/W) amended either with different concentrations of CuSO 4 (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/kg soil) or Nostoc mixed with Cu (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/kg soil). Application of Nostoc in a mixture with Cu significantly increased fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, photosynthetic pigments and activity at 30 and 60 days of growth when compared with their counterparts of Cu treatment. In addition, the content of K +, Ca 2+, P 3+ and iron were increased with the exception of a decrease in Cu level at 60 days of growth. On the other hand, the content of starch was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 days of growth. Moreover, the activity of both peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were reduced by applying Nostoc to the soil having different concentrations of Cu.
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Effect of Osmo-priming on Germination and Enzyme Activity in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Seeds under Drought Stress Conditions
стр.25-31
Seed priming was used in barley to increase seed germination and tolerance on stress exposure. Barley seeds were treated with PEG (Polyethylene 6000 mw). After 7 days our results showed that, seed priming treatments significantly (p≤ 0.01) affected germination percentage, normality seedling percentage, and germination index. Seed priming with PEG increased germination characteristics as the compared to the unprimed. Also, priming increased catalase as compared to the unprimed seeds. Therefore, the highest germination characteristics and catalase activity were attained from priming with PEG.
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Effect of Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on Germination Indexes and Enzyme Activity of Sorghum Seeds under Drought Stress
стр.32-38
Seed priming methods have been used to increase germination characteristics under stress conditions. The effects of drought stress (0, -4, -8, -12 and -16 bar) and salicylic acid 25 ppm at 15 °C for 15 h and ascorbic acid 25 ppm at 15 °C for 15 h on germination percentage, germination index, means time to germination, normal seedling percentage and enzyme activity were assessed in the laboratory for sorghum seeds ( Sorghum bicolor L. ). Results showed that the highest germination percentage (83.33%), normal seedling percentage (69.67%), germination index (25.29) and the minimum means time to germination (2.87) were attained from priming with salicylic acid in control conditions. Therefore, seed priming significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased germination characteristics as compared to the unprimed under drought stress. Also, priming increased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase as compared to the unprimed seeds.
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Differential Responses of Two Lactuca sativa Varieties to Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency
стр.39-52
Chebbi Mohamed, Msilini Najoua, Amdouni Thouraya, Ouerghi Zeineb
Iron chlorosis induced by bicarbonate is very common in calcareous soils, where bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) ions are present at high concentrations. In this study, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of two Lactuca sativa varieties (Romaine and Vista) to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency were investigated. The culture was conducted on nutrient solution containing 5 µM Fe and 10 mM NaHCO 3, in a growth chamber with controlled conditions. After 14 days of bicarbonate treatment, the two varieties seedling showed a slight yellowing of young leaves associated with a significant decline of plant biomass, leaf number and area. Furthermore, the concentrations of the nutrient elements (potassium, magnesium, iron and calcium) in leaves and roots of two lettuce varieties were modified. In roots of bicarbonate-treated plants, the Fe-chelate reductase activity was increased as compared to control in both varieties. PEPC activity was enhanced only in Vista variety. Moreover, Fe deficiency induced a small change in the photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence, especially in Romaine variety. These changes are accompanied by decreases in ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity. These findings indicated that vista variety could survive at low iron supply.
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Sugar Accumulation and its Regulation by Jasmonic Acid in Brassica napus L. under Salt Stress
стр.53-64
Kaur Harpreet, Sharma Poonam, Sirhindi Geetika
The effects of Jasmonic acid (JA) on sugar accumulation and protein content in 12-days old Brassica napus L. seedlings were studied. The seeds pre-treated with different concentrations of jasmonic acid were germinated in Petriplates supplied with various concentrations of salt stress (NaCl). The contents of total chlorophyll, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total carbohydrates and total protein content of 12-days old seedlings were analysed. It was observed that JA reduced the toxicity of salt stress on seedling growth by influencing the chlorophyll content and protein content. Pre-treatment of jasmonic acid was found to be significantly effective in increasing the contents of sugars.
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Enzyme activity and seedling growth of soybean seeds under accelerated aging
стр.65-72
Yadollhhi Nooshabadi S.J., Mashayekhi F.
Seed aging is the main problem of seed storage. Changes of bio-chemical and reduction of seedling growth are consequence of seed deterioration. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of accelerated aging on soybean seed germination indexes and enzyme activity. Seeds were incubated in closed plastic boxes for the accelerated aging treatments. Three accelerate aging regimes were performed by placing seeds at 41°C and relative humidity (RH) of 90-100 % for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days periods. Our results showed that increasing aging duration resulted higher reduction in germination characteristics, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Germination percentage, means time to germination, germination index, normal seedling percentage and enzyme activity decrease significantly.
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The Response of Some Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes for Salt Stress during Germination and Seedling Stage
стр.73-84
Gogile Ashebir, Andargie Mebeasilassie, Muthuswamy Manikanidan
Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic factors affecting growth and yield of cowpea in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Nineteen cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) genotypes were tested during germination and seedling stages of growth at 4 NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200mM). The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) in factorial combination with three replications. Data analysis was carried out using SAS (version 9.1) statistical software. Germination percentage (GP), seedling shoot and root traits were evaluated. The analyzed data revealed highly significant (p<0.001) variation among cowpea genotypes, treatments and their interactions. It is found that salt stress significantly decreased root length and shoot length. The extent of decrease varied with accessions and salt concentrations. Most accessions were highly susceptible to 200 mM NaCl concentration. Genotypes 211557 and Asebot were better salt tolerant. The result showed the presence of broad intraspecific genetic variation in cowpea genotypes for salt tolerance.
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Synergetic action of light and temperature on seed germination of some solanaceae members
стр.85-100
Barakat Nasser A.M., Kabeil H.F., Hegazy A.K., Singer Nesrine S.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nine combinations of temperature and light on seeds germination of four solanaceae species ( Datura innoxia, Hyoscyamus muticus, Solanum nigrum and Withania somnifera) in germination chamber. The influence of combined of three alternative temperature regimes from 10 to 40 °C, with 10°C intervals, under three light levels (the continuous white light, alternative and darkness) were tested. The germination parameters as germination percentage, seed vigor index, dormancy, germination speed and germination index, and were measured and calculated. The data reveled some similarities in germination percentage and seedling vigor index among Datura innoxia , Solanum nigrum in one hand and between Hyoscyamus muticus and Withinia somnifera on the other hand, while germination speed and germination index showed some similarities between Datura innoxia , Withinia somnifera and between Hyoscyamus muticus and Solanum nigrum . The optimum condition for the germination of the seeds was varied with species (species-dependent): some species Hyoscyamus muticus and Withinia somnifera germinate easier under combined effects of light and temperature, whereas, Solanum nigrum and Datura innoxia decreased their germination in darkness conditions. The maximal germination was reached in Hyoscyamus muticus follwed by Withania somnifera, Solanum nigrum and Datura innoxia species under wide range of selected combinations. With the exception of Datura innoxia all other species seemed a photoplastic character. No relationship was found between germination percentage and alternating temperature especially in Hyoscyamus muticus and Withania somnifera. Alternating temperature is not the main factor affecting germination percentage. We concluded that the regime of light suppressed the effects alternating temperatures on seed germination of Datura innoxia species . It was concluded that synergized effects of light and alternating temperatures, enhanced seed germination of Hyoscyamus muticus and Solanum nigrum . Thus, the light regime can play a vital role in present and future weed management strategies.
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Role of Leptin in Metabolic Adaptation During Cold Acclimation
стр.101-114
Tang Gang-Bin, Tang Xiang-Fang, Li Kui, Wang De-Hua
Chronic cold exposure stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, resulting in fat mobilization and compensatory hyperphagia. Mostly, these physiological events are accompanied by a remarkable reduction in serum leptin levels. However, the physiological roles of hypoleptinemia in cold adaptation are still not fully clear. We hypothesized that leptin is the keystone of the regulatory systems linking energy balance to cold adaptation. Leptin treatment (5μg/day) decreased food intake, body weight, serum ghrelin levels and hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) gene expression. Food restriction in the pair-fed group mimicked most of the effects induced by leptin treatment. Central coadministration of ghrelin (1.2 μg/day) partially reversed the effect of leptin on hypothalamic MCH mRNA, but it did not block the reducing effects of leptin on food intake, body weight and serum ghrelin levels. In addition, hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression increased significantly in response to the coadministration of leptin and ghrelin. Collectively, we conclude that the regulatory effects of leptin on energy balance in cold-acclimated rats are dependent on feeding, which may involve the reduction of hypothalamic MCH gene expression. We found no evidence for ghrelin involvement in the regulation of leptin on food intake and body weight during cold acclimation.
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Связь Морозостойкости Озимых Зерновых с Интенсивностью Дыхания и Содержанием Водорастворимых Углеводов в Течение Осенне-Весеннего Периода
стр.115-121
Поморцев А.В., Грабельных О.И., Дорофеев Н.В., Пешкова А.А., Войников В.К.
Исследовали возможную связь в гибели озимых зерновых (пшеница, рожь и тритикале), возделываемых в условиях Восточной Сибири, в период выхода растений из зимнего покоя с интенсивностью дыхания и расходом водорастворимых углеводов. Именно в этот период выявлены значительные различия между озимыми культурами в интенсивности дыхания и расходе углеводов. Озимая тритикале приближалась по изменению этих показателей ко ржи, в то время как у озимой пшеницы наблюдали более высокое дыхание и расход углеводов. По данным полевых исследований морозостойкость была низкой у пшеницы и составила 70.8%, в сравнении с рожью и тритикале (95.8% и 91.6%, соответственно). Экспериментальные данные свидетельствуют о более высоком уровне устойчивости озимой ржи и тритикале к низким температурам, по сравнению с озимой пшеницей, что определяется углеводным статусом и большей стабильностью процесса дыхания у озимой ржи и тритикале в ответ на повышение температуры весной.
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Functioning of the Antioxidant System under Psycho-Emotional Stress
стр.122-131
Dachanidze Natalia, Burjanadze George, Kuchukashvili Zurab, Menabde Ketevan, Koshoridze Nana
It was studied intensity of lipid peroxidation and activity of enzymes from antioxidant system in blood plasma and cardiac muscle cells among laboratory rats under 40 days of isolation and violation of diurnal cycle. The received data show that at the background of quantitative changes in NO there also take place changes in the intensity of lipid peroxidation process, indicated by quantitative change in the concentration of Malone dialdehyde and diene conjugates, including Malonedialdehyde and marked with a reduced activity of antioxidant system enzymes, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. Based on the results, we pro-posed that psychological stress is one of the factors contributing to the development of various cardiac diseases.
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The Effect of Priming on Germination and Enzyme Activity of Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds After Accelerated Aging
стр.132-138
Maximum germination percentage achieves immediately after harvesting and gradually de#creases with storage time. Aging is one of the key factors in plant yield loss especially in vegetables. Seed aging is the main problem of seed storage. Application of accelerated aging treatment is used to assess seed vigor and quality. Seed priming enhances seed germination performance after aging. An experiment was conduct in order to investigate the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase during accelerated aging and repair during priming treatment of sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) seeds. In order to improve germination characteristics in aged seeds with seed priming. Our result showed that seed priming treatments significantly (p≤ 0.01) affected, germination percentage, germination Index and normal seedling percentage after aging (0, 3 and 6 days). Increasing aging duration resulted higher reduction in germination characteristics. Priming with gibberelic acid (GA) increased germination characteristics of seed aged. The highest germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage and enzyme activity were achieved in control conditions (0 day of aging). Also antioxidant activity of aged seeds increased after seed priming.
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Dynamics of Pinus sylvestris L. needles activity in Predbaikal’ye forests
стр.139-144
Romanova I.M., Zhivet’yev М.А., Penzina Т.А., Graskova I.А.
The study was aimed to analyse changes in peroxidase activity of common pine needles throughout the year. The needles of the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-d years were collected. Total activity of guaiacol-dependent peroxidase was determined. Minimum peroxidase activity is observed in January and February. In March intense overall activation of peroxidase is observed in the needles of all ages, which might be related to spring enhancement of physiological processes and activation of metabolism. Autumn period is characterized by more or less high activities of guaiacol peroxidase from September till November, which is related to its participation in stress-adaptation to low temperatures in winter. Peroxidase activity changes depending on the season of the year. Needles of different age are characterized by their own peroxidase activity level in various time periods.
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Soil Contamination With Heavy Metals and Its Effect on Growth, Yield and Physiological Responses of Vegetable Crop Plants (Turnip and Lettuce)
стр.145-162
Hassanein Raifa Ahmed, Hashem Hanan Ahmed, El-Deep Mohamed Hashem, Shouman Ahmed
The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of irrigation with industrial wastewater on soil and plant. For these purpose turnip and lettuce plants were cultivated in soil irrigated with wastewater then heavy metals content of the soil, plant growth, yield and the subsequent changes in biochemical constituents of plant were examined. Irrigation with wastewater was found to load the soil with heavy metals (Pb, Co, Ni and Cd) that were not detected in soil before irrigation. The magnitude of Cd in soils after irrigation with industrial wastewater exceeds the maximum allowable limit (3 mg Kg -1). Both turnip and lettuce exhibited significant decreases in leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots as well as all the measured yield components in response to wastewater irrigation. The magnitude of decrease was positively correlated with the amounts of heavy metals detected in the soil and the inhibitory effect on turnip was much more pronounced than in lettuce. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation in soil resulted in an oxidative damage to turnip and lettuce as indicated by the significant increase in lipid peroxidation and H 2O 2 levels in both plants comparing to control values. The significant increases in putrescine in lettuce and turnip shoots and roots and spermidine in lettuce roots as well as total phenolics and flavonoids in plants cultivated in soil enriched with heavy metals are believed to be defense mechanisms in turnip and lettuce plants to counteract the oxidative stress resulted from heavy metals contamination generated from irrigation with wastewater.
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Physiological Responses of Salvinia natans L. to Aluminium Stress and Its Interaction with Putrescine
стр.163-179
Mandal C., Ghosh N., Dey N., Adak M.K.
Salvinia natans L. a water fern is displayed with some of its physiological attributes in response to aluminium (Al) stress in aqua culture as well as its interaction with externally applied putrescine (put). At the tissue level the Al deposition is prominent and mostly distributed in the intracellular spaces as well as cellular interfaces. The accumulation of Al and its induced oxidative damages are also revealed through Evan’s blue staining. In both the cases dose dependent responses of Al induced oxidative damages and its mitigation with Put was the resultant. Under non enzymatic antioxidation pathways, anthocyanin and flavonoids were the two phenolics over expressed as a function of Al and ameliorated with Put application. The property of root membranes was changed with an up regulation of H +/ATPase activity which was moderated by Put.The peroxidase activity particularly those were restricted to the wall bound also showed variability according to Al doses as revealed through in gel staining. From these studies of Al accumulation and its concomitant changes in physiological attributes in Salvinia plants, the species could be selected as a potential hyper accumulator of Al. The role of Put in Al accumulation as well as its moderation has been discussed with reference to physiological activities.
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Comparison of Nonshivering Thermogenesis Induced by Norepinephrine Stress in Tree Shrews
стр.180-186
Zhu Wan-long, Zhang Di, Zheng Jia, Zhang lin, Liu Jin-hu, Cheng Jin, Wang Zheng-kun
Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)is an important thermogenic mechanism for small mammals. Quantitative measurement of NST is usually stimulated by injection of norepinephrine. The injection dosage of norepinephrine (NE)is critical for eliciting the maximum NST. Three empirical equations of NE dosages were often referenced in previous studies: (1)NE (mg / kg)= 2.53W -0.4; (2)NE(mg/kg) = 3.3W -0.458 and (3)NE(mg/kg)= 6.6W -0.458. In the present study, we used tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri ) as experiment subjects to test the effects of the three dosages of NE on NST. Results showed that all the three dosages of NE could induce the maximum NST for T. belangeri . No significant differences were found in NST among groups and the NST was respectively 2.63±0.12 (formula 1), 2.66±0. 11 (formula 2) and 2.78±0.15 (formula 3). However, when injected with NE dosage from formula 3, the increase of body temperatures was significantly higher than the other two NE dosages (increased 1.5±0. 1 oC (formula 3), 0.8±0. 2 oC (formula 2), and 0.6±0. 1 oC (formula 1), respectively). In order to prevent the death because of hyperthermia, formula 1 or 2 is recommended to be used.
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Influence of NaCl Salinity on β-carotene, Thiamine, Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid Contents in the Leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. var. Pusa Bathua No. 1
стр.187-192
Ratnakar Anjali, Rai Aruna
Vitamin contents of plants are also known to show altered metabolism under the influence of salinity. Not much of work has been done on the influence of salinity on the vitamin content in higher plants. The influence of NaCl salinity on the vitamin content in the leaves of Atriplex hortensis was investigated in the present study. Atriplex hortensis plants were grown in earthen pots and were subjected to different levels of saline water (NaCl) treatment. Control plants were irrigated with tap water. Treatments started after the seedling emergence and continued till the plants were 30 day old. Mature leaves of these plants were harvested and used for studies. β - carotene, a precursor of vitamin A and ascorbic acid content were found to increase gradually with increase in the concentrations of NaCl. No significant changes were observed in thiamine and riboflavin content at lower levels of salinity, however significant decrease was observed in thiamine and riboflavin content at higher level of salinity.
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Low Temperature Stress Induced Changes in Biochemical Parameters, Protein Banding Pattern and Expression of Zat12 and Myb Genes in Rice Seedling
стр.193-206
Perveen Salma, Shinwari Kamran Iqbal, Jan Mehmood, Malook Ijaz, Rehman Shafiq, Khan Murad Ali, Jamil Muhammad
Low temperature stress is one of the main abiotic factors that reduce the productivity of many crops in hilly areas around the world. In this study, rice seedling were exposed to low temperature stress (control, 0°C, -2°C, -4°C and -6°C) for 2 hr to observe its effect on two rice varieties (Basmati- 385 and Shaheen Basmati) through ion and proline contents, photosynthetic pigments, total protein content, protein banding pattern and expression of Zat12 and Myb genes. Resulted showed different patterns of accumulation of Na + K + and Ca +2 ions with the decrease in temperature in both varieties. Proline accumulation was gradually increased in both varieties with the decrease in temperature. Photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b and carotene) were negatively affected by low temperature stress in both varieties, however, carotene content was much affected than Chl a and b. Nonsignificant variation in protein contents was observed at all levels of low temperature, but the effects of low temperature stress on protein banding pattern of Basmti-385 and Shaheen Basmati were different at different treatments. RT-PCR results indicated that ZAT12 was upregulated by short term low temperature stress while OsMYB show slight upregulation at -2 oC as compared to the other treatments. This study identified that ZAT12 and OsMYB function as a positive regulator to mediate tolerance of rice seedlings at low temperature stress.
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The performance of lowland rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars on iron toxic soil augmented with compost
стр.207-218
Performance of lowland rice grown on anaerobic wetland soil is greatly affected by iron toxicity disorder in Nigeria. Better nutrient management and cultivation of resistant varieties have been recommended as strategy to manage this nutrient disorder. Information on intraspecific lowland NERICA cultivars grown on iron toxic soil augmented with compost is scanty. Therefore, the effect of different rates of compost on growth, dry matter and grain yield of lowland NERICA cultivars grown on iron toxic soil was investigated. A greenhouse experiment comprising of three (two NERICAs and ITA 212) lowland rice cultivars and four varying rates of compost arranged in completely randomized design with six replicates was conducted in greenhouse of Botany Department, University of Ibadan. Data collected on growth and yield parameters were analysed using ANOVA and LSD at P≤ 0.05. Correlation and simple linear regression were used to establish relationship between growth and iron toxicity scores. Results showed that iron toxicity significantly (p≤0.05) reduced growth and yield of lowland rice. Growth and grain yield of NERICA cultivars were significantly better (P ≤0.05) on soil augmented with compost than control. Grain yield was significantly related to the number of leaves affected by iron toxicity. Cultivating lowland NERICA-L-1 on iron toxic soil augmented with 8t ha -1of compost will enhance better growth, dry matter characteristics and increase lowland NERICA grain yield.
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Роль Изменений Жирнокислотного Состава Клеток в Процессе Повышения Морозоустойчивости Суспензионной Культуры Озимой Пшеницы
стр.219-229
Любушкина И.В., Кириченко К.А., Грабельных О.И., Побежимова Т.П., Федяева А.В., Степанов А.В., Войников В.К.
Изучено влияние низких положительных температур (4 и 8 °С) на морозоустойчивость и жирнокислотный состав клеток суспензионной культуры озимой пшеницы. Выявлено, что обработка культуры температурой 4 °С (7 суток) не защищала клетки от последующего действия отрицательной температуры (-8 °С, 6 ч) и не сопровождалась значимыми изменениями жирнокислотного состава клеток. Напротив, обработка культуры температурой 8 °С (7 суток) предотвращала гибель, вызываемую отрицательной температурой, при этом снижалось содержание насыщенных жирных кислот: пентадециловой (на 35,0%), пальмитиновой (на 19,9%) и стеариновой (на 65,4%) и увеличивалось содержание α-линоленовой кислоты (на 94%), что обусловливало повышение индекса двойной связи на 16%. Обсуждается роль изменений жирнокислотного состава клеток в процессе повышения морозоустойчивости растений.
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Hepatoprotective Role of Sodium Selenite Against Oxidative Damage Induced by Mercuric Chloride in Rat Albinos Wistar
стр.230-240
Necib Youcef, Bahi Ahlem, Zerizer Sakina, Abdennour Cherif, Boulakoud Mohamed Salah
Background: the present study was undertaken, to evaluate the protective effect of sodium selenite against mercuric chloride induced oxidative stress in experimental rats. Female Albinos Wistar rats randomly divided into four groups, were the first was served as a control, whereas the remaining groups respectively treated with: sodium selenite (1mg/ kg b.w; ip), mercuric chloride (1 mg/kg body weight i.p) and combination of sodium selenite and HgCl2. Change in liver enzyme activities, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, antioxidants and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were determined after 10 days experimental period. Results: Exposure of rats to mercuric chloride caused a significant increase the lipid peroxidation level along with corresponding decrease in the reduced glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes in liver. And increase in serum: glucose level, APL and transaminases activities and decreased in total protein and albumin levels. Furthermore, treatment with mercuric chloride caused a marked elevation of liver weight and decreased body weight. Supplementation of sodium selenite resulted in decreased of lipid peroxidation level and in the serum: AST, ALT and APL activities were decreased along with increase in total protein, albumin and liver GSH levels. The activities of antioxidants enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GSH -Px) and glutathione –S-transferase (GST) were also concomitantly restored to near normal level by sodium selenite supplementation to mercuric chloride intoxicated rats. Liver histological studies have confirmed the changes observed in biochemical parameters and proved the beneficial role of sodium selenite. Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrate that sodium selenite treatment augments the antioxidants defense mechanism in mercuric chloride induced toxicity and provides evidence that it may have a therapeutic role in free radical mediated diseases.
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Связь Между Активностью Альтернативного Пути Дыхания, Содержанием Сахаров и Морозоустойчивостью Озимой Пшеницы
стр.241-250
Боровик О.А., Грабельных О.И., Королева Н.А., Побежимова Т.П., Войников В.К.
Изучено влияние холодового закаливания в условиях непрерывного освещения при 5 °С и в темноте на 12%-ом растворе сахарозы при 2 °С на содержание водорастворимых углеводов и дегидринов в листьях, активность альтернативного (АП) и цитохромного (ЦП) путей транспорта электронов в изолированных из листьев митохондриях и морозоустойчивость растений озимой пшеницы. Выявлена прямая зависимость между содержанием сахаров, активностью АП и морозоустойчивостью озимой пшеницы. Сделан вывод, что активность альтернативной оксидазы при холодовом закаливании озимой пшеницы зависит от содержания водорастворимых углеводов и ее функционирование необходимо для поддержания метаболического (red/ox) гомеостаза в клетке в условиях низких температур.
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Studying the Relationship Between Climatic Factors and Cotton Production by Different Applied Methods
стр.251-278
This study investigates the statistical relationship between climatic variables and aspects of cotton production ( G.barbadense ), and the effects of climatic factors prevailing prior to flowering or subsequent to boll setting on flower and boll production and retention in cotton. Also, the study covers the predicted effects of climatic factors during convenient intervals (in days) on cotton flower and boll production compared with daily observation. Further, cotton flower and boll production as affected by climatic factors and soil moisture status has been considered. Evaporation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, surface soil temperature at 1800 h, and maximum air temperature, are the important climatic factors that significantly affect flower and boll production. The least important variables were found to be surface soil temperature at 0600 h and minimum temperature. The five-day interval was found to be more adequately and sensibly related to yield parameters. Evaporation, minimum humidity and sunshine duration were the most effective climatic factors during preceding and succeeding periods on boll production and retention. There was a negative correlation between flower and boll production and either evaporation or sunshine duration, while that correlation with minimum relative humidity was positive. The soil moisture status showed low and insignificant correlation with flower and boll production. Higher minimum relative humidity, short period of sunshine duration, and low temperatures enhanced flower and boll formation.
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Ассоциация Дегидринов Проростков Гороха с Суперкомплексами Дыхательной Цепи Митохондрий в Период Гипотермии
стр.279-288
Кондакова М.А., Уколова И.В., Войников В.К., Боровский Г.Б.
Реакция растительной клетки на многие неблагоприятные условия, сопровождается накоплением защитных белков. Дегидрины широко распространены в растительном царстве и накапливаются в ответ на засуху, замерзание, засоление, а также высокую температуру. Ранее нами было обнаружено накопление дегидринов в митохондриях некоторых растений в ответ на действие различных стрессов. Данная работа направлена на исследование количественных изменений и локализации дегидринов в митохондриях проростков гороха при низкотемпературном воздействии разной интенсивности и продолжительности. Было установлено, что в проростках гороха, подвергнутых действию низкой температуры, содержание дегидринов в митохондриях увеличивается, причем максимальное увеличение происходит при холодовом закаливании, которое сопровождается ростом криоустойчивости. Впервые было установлено, что в мембранах митохондрий растений часть дегидринов локализуется в суперкомплексах дыхательной цепи этих органелл.
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The Effects of Storage on Germination Characteristics and Enzyme Activity of Sorghum Seeds
стр.289-298
Seed moisture content (MC) and storage temperature are the most important factors affecting seed longevity and vigor. Exposure to warm, moist air is principally responsible for this. Proper storage and optimum seed moisture content can affect the grain quality significantly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different storage treatments on seed quality of sorghum. The seed materials were fresh without any storage period. For storage treatments, 3 seed moisture contents (6, 10, 14 %) were stored for 8 month in 0.5 L capacity sealed aluminum foil packet in 0.3 bar inside incubators set at 4 temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35°C). After storage time, the higher the storage temperature, the lower was the grain quality of sorghum. The highest germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage were achieved in control conditions (0 day of storage). Our results showed that increasing storage duration resulted higher reduction in germination characteristics. Also our results showed that, germination percentage, means time to germination, germination index, normal seedling percentage decrease significantly by storage. Enzyme activity decrease significantly by increased in storage.
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Экспрессия Гена Глутаматдегидрогеназы gdh2 Арабидопсиса Индуцируется под Влиянием Ингибитора Синтеза Тетрапирролов Норфлуразона
стр.299-309
Гарник Е.Ю., Бельков В.И., Тарасенко В.И., Потапова Т.В., Корзун М.А., Константинов Ю.М.
Ген gdh2 , кодирующий бета-субъединицу глутаматдегидрогеназы арабидопсиса, относится к генам с циркадианной регуляцией. Его экспрессия значительно возрастает в темное время суток и снижается до минимума на свету. Известно, что в репрессии гена gdh2 на свету участвуют сахарозависимые регуляторные пути, однако конкретные механизмы регуляции неизвестны. Нами показано, что в проростках арабидопсиса, выращенных в присутствии ингибитора синтеза тетрапирролов норфлуразона, экспрессия гена gdh2 возрастала в 6-11 раз относительно контрольных условий, причем степень повышения уровня транскриптов gdh2 зависела от уровня освещенности и не коррелировала с индукцией генов-маркеров повышения уровня активных форм кислорода. Данное повышение экспрессии можно объяснить как низким уровнем глюкозы в клетках обработанных норфлуразоном проростков, так и отсутствием репрессии со стороны хлоропластно-ядерных регуляторных путей вследствие дисфункции хлоропластов. Мы предполагаем, что в циркадианной регуляции экспрессии гена gdh2 участвуют не только сахарозависимые, но и хлоропластно-ядерные регуляторные пути.
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Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Enzyme Activity of Wheat Seed Primed under Drought and Different Temperature Conditions
стр.310-318
Azadi M.S., Younesi E., Tabatabaei S. A.
The study aimed was to determine the effects of drought stress (0, -4, -8, -12 bar) and osmo-priming (-15 bar PEG 6000 for 15 at 24 h) on seed germination, seedling growth and enzyme activity at different temperatures were assessed in the laboratory for wheat. Results showed that the highest germination percentage (GP) (94.33%), normal seedling percentage (NSP) (92%), germination index (GI) (44.85) and seedling length (11.03 cm) were attained from osmo-priming in control conditions. Therefore, seed priming with PEG 6000 significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased germination characteristics as compared to the unprimed seeds under drought stress. Also, osmo-priming increased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as compared to the unprimed.
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Устойчивость Проростков Озимой Пшеницы к Кратковременному Действию Отрицательной Температуры Может Быть Обусловлена Активацией Разобщающих Белков и АТФ/АДФ Антипортера
стр.319-328
Грабельных О.И., Боровик О.А., Павловская Н.С., Побежимова Т.П., Любушкина И.В., Корсукова А.В., Таусон Е.Л., Войников В.К.
Изучено последействие отрицательной температуры (-8 °С, 1-6 ч) на содержание активных форм кислорода (АФК), интактность митохондрий, их окислительную и фосфорилирующую активность и вклад разобщающих белков (UCPs) и АТФ/АДФ антипортера в линолеат-индуцированное дыхание митохондрий в проростках озимой пшеницы. Показано, что выживаемость проростков при холодовом воздействии зависит от активности pUCP и АТФ/АДФ антипортера в митохондриях, функцией которых при холодовом стрессе, по-видимому, является регуляция содержания АФК.
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The Effects of Different Levels of Salinity and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) on Early Growth and Germination of Wheat Seedling
стр.329-338
Abdoli Majid, Saeidi Mohsen, Azhand Mandana, Jalali-Honarmand Saeid, Esfandiari Ezatollah, Shekari Fariborz
Salt stress as a major adverse factor can lower germination, ion toxicity, reduction in enzymatic and photosynthetic efficiency and other physiological disorders and ultimately lower crop productivity in salinity zones. As growth regulators are involved in altering growth processes in plants, it is possible that they might even reduce the detrimental effects of salinity by stimulating growth. But their physiological roles are not well known. In example, about the roles of IAA in salinity conditions are not similar viewpoints. For this purpose a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted with influence of foliar application of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) in farm on germination percent and seedling growth parameters of wheat (cv. Marvdasht) under different levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM) of NaCl salinity with 3 replications, during 2012 in the laboratory research of the Department of plant breading and agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University in Maragheh state in Iran. The results of this study indicate, that salinity decreased the plumule, radicle and seedling length and plumule, radicle and seedling dry weight, seed germination and seedling vigor index, whereas increase in mean germination time and no signification plumule/radicle ratio observed in the cultivar tested. Also, application of IAA at cell division stage of grain growth caused significant increase in seedling growth parameters under different salinity levels. The interaction between application of IAA and salinity levels significantly affected final germination percentage. Highest final germination percentage was recorded with IAA with increasing salinity level from 0 up to 120 mM NaCl (98.3, 98.3, 96.7 and 100% without significant differences between them, respectively).
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Активность Ферментов Антиоксидантной Защиты и Анаэробного Гликолиза в Условиях Температурного Градиента у Палеарктического Lymnaea stagnalis
стр.339-344
Верещагина К.П., Лубяга Ю.А., Гурков А.Н., Щапова Е.П., Мадьярова Е.В., Кондратьева Е.М., Голубев А.П., Тимофеев М.А., Аксенов - Грибанов Д.В.
Целью настоящего исследования являлось проведение оценки активности ферментов антиоксидантной системы (пероксидазы, каталазы, глутатион S-трансферазы) и анаэробного гликолиза (лактатдегидрогеназы) в условиях температурного градиента у палеарктического вида гастропод Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus,1758). В работе показано, что в условиях гипертермии у L. stagnalis происходит повышение активности пероксидазы, лактатдегидрогеназы и глутатион S-трансферазы, а также снижение активности каталазы. Таким образом, показано, что ферменты антиоксидантной системы (пероксидаза, каталаза, глутатион S-трансфераза) и анаэробного гликолиза (лактатдегидрогеназа) участвуют в механизмах адаптации у гастропод к меняющимся температурам среды.
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Сравнительный Анализ Экспрессии Генов и Накопления БТШ70 у Представителей Двух Разных Популяций Байкальского Вида Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerstf., 1858)
стр.345-351
Мадьярова Е.В., Лубяга Ю.А., Гурков А.Н., Верещагина К.П., Кондратьева Е.М., Щапова Е.П., Тимофеев М.А., Люкенбах Т., Бедулина Д. С.
С помощью количественной ПЦР в реальном времени и денатурирующего электрофореза с последующим вестерн-блоттингом был определен базальный уровень и содержание БТШ70 у представителей двух удаленных популяций эндемичного вида амфипод озера Байкал Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerstf., 1858). Произведена оценка динамики накопления БТШ70, а так же экспрессии гена бтш70 в условии градиентного повышения температуры. Обнаружены отличия в базальном содержании БТШ70 у исследуемых популяций: базальное содержание белка БТШ70 у представителей южной популяции вида достоверно превышает уровень белка представителей северной популяции. Характер динамики экспрессии бтш70 также отличался у обеих исследованных популяций. Показанные различия свидетельствуют о наличии внутривидовой фенотипической пластичности стресс-ответа у E. verrucosus .
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Характеристика Семейства Генов Супероксиддисмутазы Кукурузы ( Zea mays L.): Выявление Транскриптов Двух Хлоропластных СОД и Изучение Потенциальной ДНК-Защитной Функции Митохондриальной Mn-СОД
стр.352-361
Катышев А.И., ЧЕРНИКОВА В.В., Субота И.Ю., Тарасенко В.И., Клименко Е.С., Шмаков В.Н., Гребнев П.А., Константинов Ю.М.
Cемейства генов, кодирующих ключевые ферменты антиоксидантной защиты – супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) – обычно сложно организованы и представлены генами, кодирующими ферменты, различающиеся по используемому в качестве кофактора иону металла, происхождению и внутриклеточной локализации. Среди наиболее охарактеризованных семейств генов СОД растений значительный интерес вызывают представленное большим количеством генов семейство СОД культурного злака – кукурузы ( Zea mays L.). Нами с использованием разных подходов произведено уточнение состава семейства генов СОД кукурузы. Обнаружены транскрипты двух ранее не описанных в литературе генов, кодирующих хлоропластные Fe- и Cu/Zn-содержащие СОД, что демонстрирует, что система детоксикации активных форм кислорода (АФК) в хлоропластах кукурузы более сложно организована, чем считалось ранее. В то же время оказалось, что количество генов митохондриальных Mn-СОД кукурузы меньше, чем предполагалось. С помощью полученных нами рекомбинантных белков показано, что для данных ферментов характерна посттрансляционная (фосфорилирование/дефосфорилирование) регуляция их функции. Исследуется возможное участие Mn-СОД митохондрий в защите ДНК этих органелл от повреждающего действия АФК.
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