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Serum Antioxidant Status to Assess Oxidative Stress in Brucella Infected Buffaloes
стр.5-9
Kataria N., Kataria A.K., Joshi A., Pandey N., Khan S.
The investigation was carried out to assess oxidative stress on the basis of serum antioxidant status in the buffaloes of Murrah breed having brucellosis. For this serum antioxidants like vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione and various enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase were determined. Results indicated that vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione levels decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase activities increased significantly(p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Results indicated that the antioxidant status was altered in the brucella infected buffaloes. Depletion of levels of antioxidants in the serum reflected towards the development of oxidative stress in buffaloes having brucellosis.
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Bioaccumulation Pattern of Mercury in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell
стр.10-21
Bioaccumulation pattern of mercury was studied in Bacopa monnieri plants cultivated in Hoagland nutrient medium artificially contaminated with 5 and 10µM HgCl2. Mercury content of roots, stem and leaves were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). During a period 12 days of growth, more accumulation was noticed in roots followed by stem and leaves. Repeated addition of HgCl2 and enhanced growth period up to 50 days showed only negligible increase in accumulation maintaining a threshold level of mercury in the root. When a comparison was done between the quantities of HgCl2 added to the growth medium and the sum of total accumulation of the plant and content present in the residual medium, a significant quantity of mercury is found to be lost presumably through the process of phytovolatilization from the plant. Studies on the effect of pH on bioaccumulation of mercury showed that acidic pH enhanced accumulation rate and hence for phytoremediation technology 'chlorination' is recommended whereas for medicinal purpose, Bacopa monnieri plants can be harvested after 'liming' to increase the pH and thereby reducing accumulation rate of mercury.
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Isozyme Analysis on Different Varieties of Sugarcane
стр.22-31
Johnson M, Janakiraman N, Irudayaraj V
Isozymic and protein diversity among five sugarcane varieties viz., Co 6304, Co 85019, Co 8371, Co 89003 and Co 91010 were studied to understand the varietal interrelationship and to identify the biochemical marker for the disease resistance and stress tolerance. The standard technique of vertical gel electrophoresis PAGE was employed for size separation of isozymes. The gel was stained with different staining solutions for different isozyme systems viz. peroxidase, esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and proteins. Rf values of the banding profiles, similarity index and variation between the varieties were analysed. Among the four enzyme systems, peroxidase profile reveals the difference between the disease resistant / susceptible and abiotic stress tolerant / non tolerant varieties. The two isoperoxidase bands with Rf values 0.62 and 0.66 showed their presence in disease resistant and abiotic tolerant varieties. The presence of two marker bands (0.62, 0.66) of resistant and stress tolerant varieties suggest that the variety Co 6304 may also be resistant to smut, wilt and moderately resistant to red rot and tolerant to drought.
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Markers of Oxidative Stress in Generalized Anxiety Psychiatric Disorder: Therapeutic Implications
стр.32-38
Khanna Ranjana S., Negi Reena, Pande Deepti, Khanna Shruti, Khanna Hari D.
There is growing evidence that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Our aim was to measure oxidative stress in anxiety disorders subjects, and assesses the potential confounding influences of anti anxiety therapy. Serum malondialdehyde and antioxidant levels were estimated in patients at the time of presentation and also after anti- anxiety therapy for 3 months. During the period of study no antioxidant/s was given to the patients and control subjects. Serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in the anxiety disorders patients in comparison to control cases. Also, the antioxidant activity of enzymes super oxide dismutase, glutathione and non enzymatic antioxidant levels of vitamins E and C were significantly lower in patients compared to controls at the initial presentation. After 3 months of anti anxiety treatment all the above parameters showed reversal in the respective levels of serum malondialdehyde and antioxidant activity. Anti anxiety medications results in reduced oxidative stress which indicates that oxidative stress is not the cause, but rather a consequence, of anxiety disorders.
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Effects of photoperiod on body mass, thermogenesis and body composition in Eothenomys miletus during cold exposure
стр.39-50
Zhu Wan-long, Yang Shengchang, Cai Jin-hong, Meng Lihua, Wang Zheng-kun
Many small mammals respond to seasonal changes in photoperiod by altering body mass and adiposity. These animals may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In present study, we examined the effect on body mass, rest metabolic rate, food intake and body composition in cold-acclimated (5 °C) in Eothenomys miletus by transferring them from a short (SD, 8h :16h L: D) to long day photoperiod (LD, 16h: 8h L:D). During the first 4 weeks of exposure to SD, E. miletus decreased body mass. After the next 4 weeks of exposure to LD, which the average difference between body masses of LD and SD voles was 4.76 g. This 14.74% increase in body mass reflected significant increases in absolute amounts of body components, including wet carcass mass, dry carcass mass and body fat mass. After correcting body composition and organ morphology data for the differences in body mass, only livers, kidney, and small intestine were enlarged due to photoperiod treatment during cold exposure. E. miletus increased RMR and energy intake exposure to LD, but maintained a stable level to SD after 28 days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, body fat mass, RMR as well as energy intake. All of the results indicated that E. miletus may provide an attractive novel animal model for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at organism levels. Leptin is potentially involved in the photoperiod induced body mass regulation and thermogenesis in E. miletus during cold exposure.
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Effect of Different Levels of Drought Stress (PEG 6000 Concentrations) On Seed Germination and Inorganic Elements Content in Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) Leaves
стр.51-61
Rahdari Parvaneh, Hoseini Seyed Meysam
One of the most important environmental stresses is drought that great effect on plant grow and metabolism. In this study, drought stress effect on germination and inorganic elements content in leaves of medical plant Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) were study. This plant as an Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, and Blood Filtering has medical application. Drought stress imposed by polyethylene glycol 6000 on seedlings and experiments in completely random model framework and with 3 replications performed. Drought levels imposed consist of Blank (distilled water), -0/1 -0/2 ,-0/4 ,-0/6, -0/8 and -1 MPa. In relation with germination, observed that with increasing of drought level, germination percent was decreased, but this decrement was not meaningful in statistical level of 0/01, which indication of high resistant Purslane than to drought stress in germination stage. But in relation with inorganic elements in Purslane leaves, meaningful increase of Sodium, and meaningful decrement of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, and Iron content with increase of drought level, was observed (P>0/01). In relation to sodium concentration, the highest content in level of -1 MPa and the least concentration in blank level, was observed.The highest concentration of potassium in -0/2 MPa and the least concentration in -1 MPa, observed. Also, the highest and least concentration of calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron observed in blank level and -1 MPa level, orderly.
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Differential expression of Isoesterases in leaves and roots of Vigna unguiculata L. in response to saline stress
стр.62-71
The present study was intended to reveal the differential isoesterase expression in leaves and roots of Vigna unguiculata L. in response to saline stress. Influence of NaCl (0, 3, 5, 7 and10 %) on seedlings of Vigna unguiculata L. was analyzed. The seedlings were grown in the centre for a period of 30 days. The randomly collected whole plants were used as a source for isoesterase isolation. The seedlings showed the maximum tolerance up to 10% of NaCl. The Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed by Anbalagan method. The staining and fixation of the enzyme was performed by the Sadasivam and Manickam method. Seedlings treated with various concentrations of NaCl showed different banding profile based on the concentration (0-10%) and duration (5-30 days) of salt treatment as follows: 32 bands with five active regions, 56 bands with eight active regions, 102 bands with eight active regions, 47 bands with seven active regions, 64 bands with nine active regions and 84 bands with nine active regions on 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th day respectively. The changing pattern of isozymes during development may be interpreted as evidence for differential timing of gene expression correlated with the physiological stress. The results of the present study concluded that the isoesterase patterns could serve as a useful biochemical marker of salinity.
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Glycine betaine and salicylic acid induced modification in productivity of two different cultivars of wheat grown under water stress
стр.72-89
Aldesuquy Heshmat S., Abbas Mohamed A., Abo- Hamed Samy A., Elhakem Abeer H., Alsokari Saeed. S.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effect of foliar application of glycine betaine (10mM), grain presoaking in salicylic acid (0.05 M) and their interaction on drought tolerance of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (sensitive, Sakha 94 and resistant, Sakha 93). Water stress decreased wheat yield components (spike length, number of spikelets / main spike, 100 kernel weight, grain number / spike, grain yield / spike, grain yield / plant, straw yield / plant, crop yield / plant, harvest, mobilization and crop indices) and the biochemical aspects of grains(grain biomass, carbohydrates, total protein, total phosphorus, ions content and amino acids) in both wheat cultivars. The applied chemicals appeared to alleviate the negative effects of water stress on wheat productivity (particularly the sensitive one) and the biochemical aspects of yielded grains. The effect was more pronounced with GB+SA treatment. This improvement would result from the repairing effect of the provided chemicals on growth and metabolism of wheat plants grown under water deficit condition. In response to the applied water stress and the used chemicals, the grain yield of the sensitive and resistant wheat cultivars was strongly correlated with all the estimated yield components (shoot length, spike length, plant height, main spike weight, number of spikelets per main spike, 100 kernel weight, grain number per spike, grain weight per plant, straw weight per plant, crop yield per plant, harvest, mobilization and crop indices).
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Body mass, Thermogenesis and energy metabolism in Tupaia belangeri during cold acclimation
стр.90-109
Zhu Wan-long, Meng Lihua, Wang Zheng-kun
In order to study the relationship between energy strategies and environmental temperature, basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), the total protein contents, mitochondrial protein contents, state Ⅲ and state Ⅳ respiratory ability, cytochrome C oxidase activity of liver, heart, diaphragm, gastrocnemius and brown adipose tissue (BAT), serum leptin level and serum thyroid hormone levels were measured in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) during cold exposure (5±1oC) for 1 day, 7 days,14days,21 days. The results showed that body mass increased, BMR and NST increased, the change of liver mitochondrial protein content was more acutely than total protein. The mitochondrial protein content of heart and BAT were significantly increased during cold-exposed, however the skeletal muscle more moderate reaction. The state Ⅲ and state Ⅳ mitochondrial respiration of these tissues were enhanced significantly than the control. The cytochrome C oxidase activity with cold acclimation also significantly increased except the gastrocnemius. Liver, muscle, BAT, heart and other organs were concerned with thermoregulation during the thermal regulation process above cold-exposed. There is a negative correlation between leptin level and body mass. These results suggested that T. belangeri enhanced thermogenic capacity during cold acclimation, and leptin participated in the regulation of energy balance and body weight in T. belangeri.
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Влияние Лектинов Азоспирилл на Содержание Салициловой Кислоты, Активности Фенилаланин-Аммиак-Лиазы и Каталазы в Корнях Проростков Пшеницы
стр.110-117
Аленькина С.А., Трутнева К.А., Никитина В.Е.
Изучено в динамике изменение эндогенного содержания и соотношение свободной и связанной форм салициловой кислоты, а также активности фенилаланин-аммиак-лиазы и каталазы в корнях проростков пшеницы при воздействии лектинов двух штаммов азотфиксирующих ассоциативных бактерий рода Azospirillum - A. brasilense Sp7 и его мутанта по лектиновой активности A. brasilense Sp7.2.3. Установлены различия в ответной реакции растений на воздействие лектинов этих двух штаммов. Основываясь на полученных данных предложена модель индуцирования устойчивости с помощью лектинов, согласно которой в результате воздействия лектинов на корни проростков происходит накопление свободной формы салициловой кислоты, которая ингибирует активность каталазы, в результате чего происходит накопление перекиси водорода и формируется индуцированная устойчивость.
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Antianxiety Activity of Methanol Extract of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linn.)Ait.
стр.118-124
Garg Vandana, Dhar V.J., Sharma Anupam, Dutt Rohit
Background: Despite significant advances in understanding and management of neuropsychiatric disorders during past few decades, anxiety and depression, still remains the leading cause of deaths, primarily for want of effective and safe treatment of these ailments. Approximately, two third of the anxious or depressed patients respond to the currently available treatment but the magnitude of improvement is still disappointing Purpose of Study: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antianxiety activity of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linn.) Ait. Various doses (50,100, 150, 200mg/kg) of plant extracts viz., of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water were administered orally to Swiss Albino Mice before evaluating their behavioural pattern. Diazepam (2.5 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Result: The methanol extract of G. sempervirens (150 mg/kg) increased the mean time spent, mean number of arms entries in the open arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) and decreased the mean time spent in the closed arms. The locomotor activity of methanol extract was not affected to the same extent as observed for diazepam. Conclusion: The results suggested that methanol extract of G. sempervirens possess anxiolytic effects with no sedative activity when compared to diazepam.
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Влияние Гипертермии и Монойодацетата на Развитие Симптомов Кольцевой Гнили и Вегетацию Картофеля, Выращенного в Естественных Условиях
стр.125-137
Перфильева А.И., Рымарева Е.В., Шевцов Д.А., Рихванов Е.Г.
Изучали эффект предпосадочной обработки клубней тепловым шоком (37˚С, 39˚С, 45˚С, 1 час) и 1мМ раствором монойодацетата (МИА) на вегетацию картофеля в полевых условиях. В экспериментах использовали предварительно зараженные возбудителем кольцевой гнили клубни картофеля, которые высаживали в вегетационные сосуды, незараженные клубни, высаженные на поле. Обнаружено, что у зараженного картофеля восприимчивого сорта предпосадочная обработка клубней гипертермией 37 и 39˚С усиливала симптомы заболевания кольцевой гнили, а при обработке 45˚С симптомы заболевания не проявлялись. Предпосадочная обработка клубней 1мМ МИА повышала продуктивность картофеля в полевых условиях выращивания.
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Lipid Peroxidation Products and Nitric Oxide in the Evaluation of Benign and Malignant Pleural Effusion
стр.138-144
Tandon R., Mishra J.K., Shankar Manish, Khanna Hari D.
Background: Pleural effusion is a common complication of various diseases. Free radicals are known to produce damage in many biological tissues. Free radicals exert their cytotoxic effect by causing lipid peroxidation which is believed to be responsible for the exudation of fluid into the pleural space. Aim: Evaluation of the association of benign and malignant pleural effusion with the free radical induced pleurisy by measurement of lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide activity. Methods: Case control study was conducted on 50 cases of benign pleural effusion, 50 cases of malignant pleural effusion and 15 cases of healthy controls. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by spectrophotometric method with TBA. Nitric Oxide activity was measured by spectrophotometric method using Griess reaction. Results: Our results showed significant increase of MDAs level in both groups of patients: benign and malignant in comparison with control group. Significant increase in the concentrations of nitrate /nitrite depicting total nitric oxide was observed in benign as well as malignant group in comparison to control healthy group. Conclusion: These results suggest that determination of biomarkers of oxidative stress products may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
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Photoperiodic stress on nitrite production by splenic macrophages in fresh-water snake Natrix piscator
стр.145-151
Tripathi Manish Kumar, Ramesh Singh
Changes in day length enhance or suppress component of immune function in individuals of several species. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the role of photoperiodic manipulation on the nitric oxide production by splenic macrophages in the fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator. To study effect of photoperiod, animals were subjected to 24 hour continuous light and continuous dark for 30 days. Animals kept in natural day length served as control. At termination of experiments, animals were sacrificed, and spleen was excised. Macrophages were incubated for 24 hours and nitric oxide production was measured by measuring the nitrite concentration. Nitrite production was significantly decreased to the cultures obtained from the animals kept under continuous light. No change in nitrite concentration was found in animals kept under continuous dark, when compared to the animals kept under natural day length. The possible role of decreased melatonin synthesis in light is suggested to decrease the nitric oxide production.
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Salinity stress effects changed during Aloe vera L. vegetative growth
стр.152-158
Olfati Jamal-Ali, Moqbeli Eshaq, Fathollahi Samaneh, Estaji Asqar
Salt stress is a limiting factor of plant growth and yield, and becoming a serious problem in the world so in reason to determine salinity effect on aloe growth experiment was conducted in a greenhouse as a bi-factorial in completely randomized experimental design with three replications. Aloe plants irrigated with nutrient solution containing different level of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ms) on December and harvesting took place three time with one month interval on January, February and March. Results revealed that salinity affected number of leaf, plant height, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight, total gel weight, and root dry weight. Variance analysis also showed that sampling time relieves significant effect on number of leaf, plant height, and root length, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight. All measured characteristics were highest for control. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on plant height, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight showed that these traits decreased in all salinity levels when sampled 30 days after transplanting and the lowest value was related to highest salinity. This result was similar 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on root length showed that the highest root length was obtained in 2 and 4 ms salinity level when sampled 30 days after transplanting. However all salinity levels also decreased root length 90 days after transplanting.
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Response of Brassica napus L grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid
стр.159-166
Salarizdah Mohammadreza, Baghizadeh Amin, Abasi Forogh, Mozaferi Hossin, Salarizdah Sorayya
Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plant growth, production and photosynthesis. Fresh and dry plant weights decreases with salinity treatments. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stresses has established in different studies. In this research, effect of grain soaking presowing in (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 5 mM) of salicylic acid (SA) and NaCl (0, 4, 8 and 12 dsm-1) on canola (Brassica napus L) was studied. Increasing of NaCl level reduced the germination percentage(GP), Average velocity of germination (AVG) and growth parameters of 15-day old seedlings in compared to control plants. pretreated of SA in content 1mM significantly increased the germination percentage, and in contents more than of 1mM reduced the germination percentage in seeds under salinity stress. SA in content 1mM increased RWC, root and shoot of fresh weight in the stressed seedlings. Increasing of NaCl level increased Electrolyte leakage and MDA content in the stress seedling. electrolyte leakage and MDA content were markedly reduced under salt stress with SA 1mM than without. It was concluded that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve salt tolerance in canola. Our observations indicate that, although SA is not essential for germination under normal growth conditions, it plays a promotive role in seed germination under high salinity by reducing oxidative damage.
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Metabolism and thermoregulation in the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri
стр.167-178
Zhang lin, Cai Jin-hong, Wang Zheng-kun
Maximum metabolic rate is a physiological limitation that is an important for animals' survival, reproduction and geographic. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) were measured was in a small mammal species, Tupaia belangeri, which is a unique species of small-bodied mammals in the Oriental realm. Thermal neutral zone (TNZ) was 30 - 35°C and BMR was 1.38±0.09 ml g-1 h-1. NST and MMR were 2.64±0.08 ml g-1 h-1 and 7.14±0.38 ml g-1 ·h-1 in summer, respectively. The ecophysiological properties of relatively high body temperature, wide TNZ, low BMR and thermogenic capacity enable this species to adapt to its environment.
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ABA biosynthesis defective mutants reduce some free amino acids accumulation under drought stress in tomato leaves in comparison with Arabidopsis plants tissues
стр.179-192
Al.Asbahi Adnan Ali, Al.Maqtari Maher Ali, Naji Khalid Mohammed
The ability of plants to tolerate drought conditions is crucial for plant survival and crop production worldwide. The present data confirm previous findings reported existence of a strong relation between abscisic acid (ABA) content and amino acid accumulation as response water stress which is one of the most important defense mechanism activated during water stress in many plant species. Therefore, free amino acids were measured to determine any changes in the metabolite pool in relation to ABA content. The ABA defective mutants of Arabidopsis plants were subjected to leaf dehydration for Arabidopsis on Whatman 3 mm filter paper at room temperature while, tomato mutant plants were subjected to drought stresses for tomato plants by withholding water. To understand the signal transduction mechanisms underlying osmotic stress-regulating gene induction and activation of osmoprotectant free amino acid synthesizing genes, we carried out a genetic screen to isolate Arabidopsis mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis under drought stress conditions. The present results revealed an accumulation of specific free amino acid in water stressed tissues in which majority of free amino acids are increased especially those playing an osmoprotectant role such as proline and glycine. Drought stress related Amino acids contents are significantly reduced in the mutants under water stress condition while they are increased significantly in the wild types plants. The exhibited higher accumulation of other amino acids under stressed condition in the mutant plants suggest that, their expressions are regulated in an ABA independent pathways. In addition, free amino acids content changes during water stress condition suggest their contribution in drought toleration as common compatible osmolytes.
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Heat stress induced changes in metabolic regulators of donkeys from arid tracts in India
стр.193-198
To find out heat stress induced changes in metabolic regulators of donkeys from arid tracts in India, blood samples were collected to harvest the serum during moderate and extreme hot ambiences. The metabolic enzymes determined were sorbitol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase, gamma-glutamayl transferase, 5'nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, arginase, and aldolase. The mean values of all the serum enzymes increased significantly (p≤0.05) during hot ambience as compared to respective values during moderate ambience. It was concluded that increased activity of all the enzymes in the serum was due to modulation of metabolic reactions to combat the effect of hot ambience on the animals. Activation of gluconeogenesis along with hexose monophosphate shunt and urea cycle probably helped the animals to combat the heat stress.
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Влияние осмотического стресса на содержание ионов кальция в вакуолях столовой свёклы и на транспортную активность протонных помп тонопласта
стр.199-209
Озолина Н.В., Колесникова Е.В., Нурминский В.Н., Нестёркина И.С., Дударева Л.В., Лаптева Т.И., Саляев Р.К.
Измеряли содержание ионов кальция в изолированных вакуолях и в целом корнеплоде столовой свёклы в норме и при осмотическом стрессе. Показано, что содержание ионов кальция в вакуолях корнеплодов, не подвергнутых стрессовому воздействию, составляет 13.3% от содержания этого иона в целом корнеплоде. В условиях осмотического стресса происходило существенное возрастание этого показателя. Причём при гиперосмотическом стрессе содержание кальция в вакуолях составляло 30%, а при гипоосмотическом 49% от всего содержания этих ионов в целом корнеплоде. Выявленное перемещение ионов кальция из цитоплазмы и других компартментов в вакуоль при осмотическом стрессе, по-видимому, является одним их способов участия вакуоли в адаптационных процессах растительной клетки при этом виде абиотического стресса. Впервые показано, что протонные помпы тонопласта, принимающие активное участие в обеспечении кальциевого гомеостаза в цитоплазме, существенно повышают свою транспортную активность в условиях осмотического стресса, что позволяет говорить об их важной роли в защитных программах клетки. Искусственное повышение содержания ионов кальция в нормальных условиях приводило к ингибированию активности протонных помп тонопласта, тогда как при гипоосмотическом стрессе активность протонных помп увеличивалась, что могло способствовать восстановлению гомеостаза по ионам кальция в цитоплазме.
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