Пещеры

Карстовые формы рельефа представляют собой подземные дренажные системы с воронками, понорами и пещерами. При определенных условиях они также обнаруживаются в породах, устройчивых к выветриванию, таких как кварциты. Подземный дренаж может нормировать воду с поверхности с малым количеством рек или озер или их отсутствием. Тем не менее, в регионах, где растворенный горизонт покрыт (возможно, обломочной породой) или ограничен одной или несколькими наложенными нерастворимыми породами, выраженные карстовые развертки поверхности могут полностью отсутствовать. Известняковые пещерные системы во Вьетнаме в основном расположены в северной части страны в районе сложенных преимущественно известняком гор. В настоящее время общее число пещер, обнаруженных во Вьетнаме, почти 1000. Например, пещера Son Doong, которая была признана в 2003 г. объектом Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО, является самой большой по объему пещерой в мире по состоянию на 2009 г. Кроме естественной красоты, созданной природой, пещеры также являются источником археологических и исторических артефактов.

Paper is devoted to sulfate rocks dissolution experiments in Kungur Ice Cave. The aim of the experiment is to determine the amount of the bedrock removed by dissolution every year. The first phase of study began in 1985, the second one – in 2014. Data is presented in tabulated form.

В статье представлены данные о самых глубоких и самых длинных пещерах Словакии.

The article is devoted to interesting geological objects of Wulingyuan (China): karst caves and stone pillars. The history of geological development, lithology, morphology, and other features are described.

The paper presents the new data on structural features of clay material from a number of carbonate caves of Western Ural. The data suggests that the originof these clays cannot be attributed to water streams, and, therefore, they cannot be called karst clays. The clays appear to be close to modified tuffogenic rocks. The hypothesis of volcanogenic origin of caves in carbonate rocks is proposed.

В работе представлены данные о видовом и возрастном составе животных, попавших в Аскынскую ледяную пещеру

Extensive use of underground space of megacities is one of the main trends for a wide range of socio-economic, architectural planning and urban environmental issues. World experience of urban development suggests that features of geological environment are rarely taken into account when placing new underground structures and structures with deep foundations in dense urban development. The main criteria in choosing construction sites are functional purpose of the facilities and their integration into the urban infrastructure. The study of changes in geological environment due to underground construction, their long-term forecasts are very important. Knowledge resulting from underground construction engineering and geological processes and phenomena is necessary not only for the proper design, construction and safe operation of the facilities, but also to predict the adverse physical and geological processes and phenomena that can occur on the surface within the existing urban area.

From the 19-th century till the first half of the 20-th century limestone was mined in the underground stone quarries near the town of Yelabuga. Abundant traces of this mining activities were found in the valley of the river Karinka. The underground plots of the stone quarries are preserved at the outskirts of Yelabuga. The length of the largest quarry is 38 m.

The paper presents the history of exploration of the Mesherinskaya underground quarry system. Mesherinskaya quarry is situated between the Mesherino and the Churilkovo villages, Moscow region. Methods used while excavating the backfilled passages and driving a exploratory passages in the monolith are described. As a result of the exploration, the total length of the quarry system reached 5810 m.

A large copper mine is located near the village Zhiloy Rudnic in Kukmor district of Tatarstan. Copper ore was mining there in 18-th and 19-th centuries. The mine has twelve shafts and several adits. At present, a 41 m-long part of one gallery has been explored.

The semi-desert plateau Obruc situated in Central Anatolia is known for its karst depressions including technogenic-karst ones. Artificial underground cavities have been excavated in the walls of most depressions on this plateau. The biggest underground complex is located in the depression of the lake Çirali. A part of this complex is described in the paper.

Limestone quarrying was performed in Tula region Zaoksky district in the past. A gallery of the Kaznacheyevsky quarry about 60 meters long was surveyed in the vicinity of Kaznacheyevo village on the Vashana river. The stone from this quarry was probably used for lime and gravel production.

Brief results of an international speleological expedition in Kan-i-Gut cave mine in Kyrgyzstan held on April 4-20, 2014 are presented. Overall length of accessible passages and underground workings mapped to date is 5661 m, amplitude is 201 m. Air temperature ranges from 9° to 16.5°C, relative humidity from 75 % to 87μR/h) with one anomaly of 85-126 μR/h. Abundant secondary mineral formations (cores, antholites, etc.) are developed near ore bodies. Minerals are represented by hydrated iron and magnesium sulphates (epsomite, rozenite, hexahydrite, melanterite, fibroferrite and copiapite). Six species of bats were identified, and a colony consisting of 150 exemplars of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum was observed in the cave mine.

The problem of protection and conservation of speleological natural monuments is discussed in context of the licensing of use of the Earth interiors in the Southern Ural and Cis-Ural within the Republic of Bashkortostan. The ways of protection and conservation of karst caves are discussed.

The paper discusses the most pressing problems of protection and use of caves in the Krasnodar Territory. Issues appearing when a newly discovered cave becomes increasingly used, frequented, and become a subject to various types of human activities are discussed. Examples of the most acute conflicts related to illegal use of caves are presented. The paper also addresses with the issues of indirect anthropogenic impact on caves and karst landscapes in general, and suggests possible ways of solving these problems.

Environmental safety of caves includes: information safety, aesthetic safety, and technical safety. If at least one of these parameters is compromised, the environmental safety of a cave may be irreparably damaged. In terms of the number of protected karst areas, the European North of Russia can be rated among the most prosperous in Russia: more than half of known caves (267) are located within protected karst areas. Problems are caused by loopholes in the legal framework for conducting tourist activities in caves; voluntarism of tour operators; absence of enforcing agencies and lack of penalties.

Более 25 % населения земного шара или живет на, или получает воду из карстовых водоносных горизонтов. Карст создает особый тип ландшафта, который образуется в результате растворения растворимых горных пород, в том числе известняка и доломита. Карстовые области содержат водоносные слои, которые способны обеспечить большие запасы воды. Карст Пхонг Нха-Ке Банга (ПНКБ) развивался с палеозоя (около 400 млн. лет назад), и является старейшей из самых важных карстовых областей в Азии. Национальный парк Пхонг Нха-Ке Банг является одним из двух крупнейших мировых известняковых регионов. Необходимо принять меры по предотвращению развития карстовых процессов, чтобы сохранить природное наследие, впервые создавая предпосылки к его биоразнообразию.

Карст – распространенный геологический процесс естественной экзогенной динамики во многих странах мира и во Вьетнаме. Пещерная система во Вьетнаме – это пещеры в известняке, где развит карстовый ландшафт. Эрозия вдоль известняковых берегов, особенно в тропиках, создает карстовый рельеф, в том числе «изъеденную» поверхность Макатеа выше обычного доступа моря и углубления, являющиеся в основном результатом биологической активности или биоэрозией на или немного выше уровня моря. Некоторые из самых потрясающих этих образований можно увидеть в бухте Ха Лонг во Вьетнаме. Карстовый ландшафт Ха Лонг Бей имеет международное значение и фундаментальное научное значение для геоморфологии.

Ledyanaya mountain near town of Kungur is affected by technogenesis. Almost all types of anthropogenic contamination of groundwater are present at the cave area. The main source of pollution is the city landfill for solid-and-food wastes. The Komsomolskaya poultry farm as well as Kungur-Berezovka road with fuel station, farmland, local cemetery and pollution from the Stalagmit tourist complex also have a significant effect on the situation.

Troglocobitis starostini (Koytendag blind loach) is very rare, vulnerable, restricted range, endemic species. Data that characterize the habitat of the species, some features of the environment, population, limiting factors, adopted and necessary security measures are given.

The results of cyanoprokaryota and algae biodiversity investigation in Komarinaya cave (Chelyabinsk region, Southern Ural) are presented. Eleven species of Cyanoprokaryota, Ochrophyta and Chlorophyta were identified by different methods. Algae, belonging to Chlorophyta Division dominate. The fullness of families by species, genera by species and families by genera is low. This indicates that most of cyanoprokaryota and algae immigrated into the cave from other habitats.

The dynamics of microbial associations in mine grounds and surface soils were studied under the impact of deposited faeces mass. The vitality and accumulation of intestinal bacteria were estimated as a basis for sanitary status and possible anthropogenic load assessments in underground environment. The suspension of feaces mass contained enterobacteria was released in field experiment in the several localized sites in surface and underground habitats. The presence of bacteria was analyzed in samples taken periodically during several months and identified by fate-acid markers method and by isolation on elective media. The total number of microorganisms in cave soil increased under the influence of a faecal waste by some orders, and in 5 months the increase in number in comparison with an initial condition made not less than 1 order, and, the big contribution to this increase was brought by sanitary and dangerous species of bacteria. Extreme faecal waste influence results in the situation while E.coli-like bacteria decrease numbers in the first period of exposition and then stabilize abundance and keep vitality in the conditions of the underground environment at least 150 days.

This paper describes history of discovery and results of exploration of the largest in Ural abiss, Sumgan in Kutuk mountain area in Meleuzovsky region of Bashkortostan in 1964-1968. Some features of natural conditions of the area and the cave, conditions and factors of development of carbonate karst are discussed.

This paper analyzes the publications of V.S. Lukin in scientific transaction “The Caves”. Published works embraces various aspects of scientific research: karst, hydrogeology, engineering geology, speleology, mineralogy, lithology, geochemistry, structural-tectonic structure and the temperature regime of the caves.

The article describes the speleological cooperation over the last 50 years between the Bulgarian, Soviet and Russian cavers.

Structural and substantial model of cultural study tour designed to obtain new knowledge about origin of karst, caves classification, history of caving through activity-opening nature of transmitted knowledge, integration of historical experience, cultural heritage and learning about geographical, historical and cultural knowledge and skills of assessment and characterization of caves as tourism destinations, based on axiological, historical, cultural and activity approaches, is presented in this article.

This paper presents characteristics of caves of Muradymovskoe gorge being the base for a model of cultural and educational tour to Muradymovskie caves for a small group of tourists (5 persons). Basis of simulation - requirements of the State Standard GOST R 50681-2010 «Tourist services. Design of tourist services».

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14 марта 2014 г. ушёл из жизни интересный человек и замечательный среднеазиатский спелеолог Виктор Евгеньевич Рейс.

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В мае 2014 г. исполнилось 110 лет со дня рождения выдающегося советского ученого Георгия Алексеевича Максимовича, основателя первого советского периодического издания по карсту – «Спелеологического бюллетеня» (с 1961 г. выходит под названием «Пещеры»), яркого представителя геологической науки XX в. Профессор, доктор геолого-минералогических наук, Г.А.Максимович был почетным членом Географического общества СССР, награжден двумя золотыми медалями – имени Ф.П. Литке и VI Международного спелеологического конгресса, основал первый в СССР специализированный Институт карстоведения и спелеологии

В этом году Кунгурская Ледяная пещера отпраздновала знаменательную дату – 100-летие экскурсионной деятельности.

Очередной 6 международный симпозиум по ледяным пещерам (6th International Workshop on Ice Caves или IWIC-6), организованный комиссией Международного Спелеологического союза (International Union of Speleology) «Пещеры в снегу, фирне и во льду (Caves in snow, firn and ice)», состоялся с 17 по 22 августа в городке Айдахо Фоллс, штат Айдахо, США на базе гостиницы Hotel on the Falls.

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5 октября 2014 г. Николаю Георгиевичу Максимовичу, главному редактору сборника «Пещеры», исполнилось 60 лет.

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24-27 апреля 2014 г. в Воронежской области в Природном, архитектурно-археологическом музее-заповеднике «Дивногорье» состоялась Международная научно-практическая конференция «Христианские пещерные комплексы Восточной Европы».