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MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF APHELIDIUM INSULAMUS SP. NOV. (APHELIDA, OPISTHOSPORIDIA)
стр.191-203
Karpov S.A., Vishnyakov A.E., López-García P., Zorina N.A., Ciobanu M., Tcvetkova V.S., Moreira D.
Aphelids remain poorly known parasitoids of algae and have recently raised considerable interest due to their phylogenetic position at the base of Fungi. Accordingly, aphelids may still display some ancestral characters that were subsequently lost in the fungal lineage. Some mycologists consider the aphelids as Fungi. However, unlike Fungi, they are phagotrophs. Molecular environmental studies have revealed a huge diversity of aphelids, but only four genera have been described: Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium and Pseudaphelidium . Studying new freshwater aphelid strains by molecular, light and electron microscopy methods, we identified a new aphelid species, Aphelidium insulamus . Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene indicates that it is sister to Aph. melosirae and, together with Aph. tribonematis , they form a monophyletic cluster, which is distantly related to both Paraphelidium , with flagellated zoospores, and Amoeboaphelidium , with amoeboid zoospores. Ultrastructure of all main life-cycle stages revealed new data for Aphelida cell biology: zoospores and their kinetid (flagellar apparatus) structure, plasmodium, and resting spore. We present the molecular phylogeny of these aphelids using Chytridiomycota as an outgroup.
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LIFE CYCLE, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS OF ANGOMONAS DEANEI (KINETOPLASTEA: TRYPANOSOMATIDAE) IN THE BLOWFLY LUCILIA SERICATA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
стр.204-218
Ganyukova A.I., Malysheva M.N., Frolov A.O.
This research describes the results obtained after the experimental per-os infection with monoxenous symbiont-containing trypanosomatid Angomonas deanei (isolate MN) of larvae and imagoes of the fly Lucilia sericata . It was discovered that larvae infected by this parasite do not develop a persistent infection. The imago’s rectum was found to be the preferential site of colonization by flagellates where they form massive clusters until the death of an adult insect. Laboratory experiments on A. deanei transmission have demonstrated that the parasite may be transmitted horizontally between adult flies (via contaminated substrate and/or coprophagy). In a host’s rectum, the parasites are detected on the cuticular lining, mainly at places near rectal glands and directly on the surface of the rectal glands. The attachment of the parasite is carried out through the apical or lateral surface of the flagellum with the formation of hemidesmosome-like junctions. Ultrastructural features of the parasite are consistent with the previous descriptions. However, the presence of a cytostome located in the distal part of the flagellate pocket was noted for the first time. The cytostome has the shape of a fossa, which is associated with cytoplasmic vesicles.
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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF PARADERMAMOEBA VALAMO (AMOEBOZOA, DISCOSEA, DERMAMOEBIDA)
стр.219-226
Smirnov A.V., Kulishkin N.S., Surkova A.A., Mesentsev Ye.S., Bondarenko N.I., Nassonova E.S., Mazei Yu.A.
A remarkable amoeba species - Paradermamoeba valamo Smirnov et Goodkov,1993 was re-isolated from the bottom sediment in Izmailovo Park pond (Moscow, Russia). For the first time, we obtained modern DIC images of this species. High-quality light-microscopy allowed us to resolve some subcellular structures, including trichocyst-like bodies, and show congruence of the present optical images with the results of earlier electron-microscopic studies. We applied single-cell PCR to obtain full sequence of the 18S rRNA gene of this species. The analysis of genetic distances, as well as the result of phylogenetic analysis, shows that P. valamo is a valid species, related to P. levis but showing clear morphological and molecular differences.
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FIRST FINDINGS OF CENTROHELID HELIOZOANS (HAPTISTA: CENTROPLASTHELIDA) FROM MARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS OF SOUTH KOREA
стр.227-245
Zagumyonnyi D.G., Prokina K.I., Tikhonenkov D.V.
The morphology of the siliceous scales and organic spicules of centrohelid heliozoans collected from two river sites and one marine site in South Korea has been investigated. Five species including one subspecies, one centrohelidian identified at the genus level, and Heterophryslike organisms were examined. New species, Pterocystis jongsooparkii sp. nov. was described. This heliozoan is characterized by the unique morphology of spine scales: lateral wings ornamented by 10-15 transverse slits; the sides of lateral wings are bent into a marginal rim, and distal sides of lateral wings are sharply cut, forming “shoulders”; the distal part of the shaft has several rounded teeth. The SSU rRNA gene phylogeny placed P. jongsooparkii within Pterista as a separate phylogenetic lineage in an unresolved trichotomy with Pterocystidae C and the clade, uniting representatives of Pterocystidae B, Heterophryidae, and environmental sequence Env H10.4. Heliozoan Raphidocystis sp. is distinguished from other Raphidocystis species by the presence of only one type of scales - almost circular plate scales with a slight medial thickening, and was not assigned to any known species. All the species found in this survey are new for South Korea. The present study complements the available information on the centrohelid phylogeny and biogeography. The morphological data obtained from observed species expand our knowledge on the intraspecific variability of centrohelid heliozoans.
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TETRACYCLINE AND THE ECDYSIS LEVEL IN CULTURES OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM
стр.246-251
Berdieva M., Pechkovskaya S., Matantseva O.
Many dinoflagellate species are sensitive to mechanical disturbances, for instance, to mixing, which hampers effective continuous culturing of these organisms. Such sensitivity may be linked to the induction of ecdysis, a process of the cell covering rearrangement, followed by temporary quiescence of the dinoflagellate cells. Ecdysis can be induced in a significant fraction of a dinoflagellate population by unfavorable environmental conditions and is often involved in the formation of their cysts. Previously it was demonstrated that the bacteriostatic antibiotic tetracycline, which is widely used against bacteria in aquaculture, decreased the natural ecdysis rate in the culture of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, 1933. In this study, we tested the ability of this compound to lower the rate of ecdysis induced by mechanical stimuli. We showed that mechanical disturbances associated with centrifugation, stirring, and shaking equally induced ecdysis in the tetracycline-treated and control cultures. Thus, tetracycline did not make dinoflagellates less susceptible to the mechanical stressors and cannot be used to surpass their sensitivity to mixing during continuous culturing.
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EFFECT OF CESIUM IONS ON THE MYCELIUM GROWTH AND ZOOSPORES MOTILITY IN THE OOMYCETE PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS
стр.252-257
Safonov P., Khiutti A., Pozdnyakov I.
Oomycetes are a group of parasitic eukaryotic microorganisms infecting plant and animal hosts worldwide. Many of those, for example, the crop parasite Phytophthora infestans, have a considerable economic impact. Previously we revealed the unexpected diversity of ion channels that could participate in the potassium transport in oomycetes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cesium ions, which are known to nonspecifically block the activity of membrane proteins involved in the potassium transport, on the growth of Ph. infestans mycelium and motility of its zoospores. We showed that the addition of 3-24 mM cesium chloride to the culturing medium inhibited the oomycete growth on agar plates. Moreover, the application of6 and 12 mM CsCl to zoospores substantially reduced the velocity of their movement in a liquid medium. The results indicate an important role of potassium transport at the different stages of Ph. infestans life cycle.
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THE APHELIDS, INTRACELLULAR PARASITOIDS OF ALGAE, CONSUME THE HOST CYTOPLASM FROM THE INSIDE
стр.258-263
Karpov S.A., Paskerova G.G.
In this discussion, we are clarifying the interface between the aphelid trophont and the host in different life cycle stages from the invasion until zoospore maturation. As a result, we consider that the aphelid trophont does not consume host cytoplasm from outside, as it has been suggested earlier, but from inside, i.e., in the same manner as Rozella.
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PITFALLS OF DESCRIBING NEW TAXA IN THE AGE OF ON-LINE PUBLICATIONS AND HOW TO GET OUT OF THERE
стр.264-269
Kment P., Votýpka Ja., Kostygov A.Yu.
Over the past three decades, scientific articles became accessed predominantly via the Internet as electronic copies. This promoted the wide usage of electronic-only journals, which started to be used by some researchers for publishing new taxonomic names and nomenclatural acts without registration in ZooBank as required by the Amendment of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for electronic publications since 2012, resulting in unavailability of such names and acts. Here we describe this situation, explain the current requirements of the ICZN and the way how to validate the previously unsuccessful nomenclatural changes.The following taxa of Trypanosomatidae (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea), originally published in on-line journals as unavailable due to lack of ZooBank registration, are validated here: Novymonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, gen. nov., Novymonas esmeraldas Votýpka, Kostygov, Maslov et Lukeš, sp. nov., Phytomonas borealis Ganyukova, Frolov et Kostygov sp. nov., Phytomonas lipae Frolov et Kostygov sp. nov., Jaenimonas Votýpka et Hamilton, gen. nov., and Jaenimonas drosophilae Votýpka et Hamilton, sp. nov. Subspecies Crithidia luciliae thermophila Roitman, Mundim, de Azevedo et Kitajima, 1977, stat. nov., is raised to species status: C. thermophila Roitman, Mundim, de Azevedo et Kitajima, 1977. The following new subjective synonyms are proposed: Crithidia thermophila = C. confusa Maslov et Lukeš, 2009, syn. nov. and Crithidia fasciculata Léger, 1902 = Crithidia luciliae (Strickland, 1911), syn. nov.
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