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Религия и секуляризм на Кавказе
стр.7-12
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«Аланская княжна, княгиня Владимирская»: Мария Ясыня, русско-осетинские связи и консервативные семейные ценности
стр.13-66
This article is devoted to a canonization initiative — to bring the local (Vladimir diocese) saint, Maria Shvarnovna (Yasynia) (c. 1158-1206), grandmother of Alexander Nevsky, to the Church-wide veneration. Maria Yasynia is seen to be of Alanian (Ossetian) origin, and hence the great interest to her personality among Orthodox activists in today’s North Ossetia-Alania, as well as among some people from local government and Moscow ecclesiastical establishment. Analyzing the debates around this initiative allows for some conclusions about current understanding of the nature of saintliness. The question is: who and on what grounds could be a legitimate expert in the field of applied hagiology? Determining hagiological dignity of a candidate for sainthood cannot be reduced to the confrontation between Orthodox Church “elite" and the “masses," or between diocesan center and periphery. Each group tries to use the potential of the saint’s image to achieve its own goals, while possibly avoiding confrontation with others. Overall, the debates over the canonization produce the most important symbols of national and regional identities, which go beyond the internal life of the Church.
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«Во что мы верим?»: возрождение «традиционной религии» в поствоенной Абхазии
стр.67-91
The article examines the religious revival in post-war Abkhazia, where “traditional religion” — the worship of sanctuaries — acquires the central place. Main supporters of this new myth of “traditional religion” are the government authorities of the self-proclaimed Republic of Abkhazia. The authorities deliberately regulate the religious field and promote what can be called a guided, controlled de-secularization. The idea that this “traditional religion” will become the officially recognized state religion of the Republic becomes increasingly popular. However, even without such an official recognition, the “traditional religion” dominates the field and prevails over its likely contenders, Christian Orthodoxy and Islam.
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Религия, политика и modernity в Грузии: дебаты вокруг событий 17 мая 2013 г.
стр.92-106
In post-Soviet Georgia, the relationship between the Georgian Orthodox Church [GOC] and the politics manifest itself in two ways: the instrumentalization of GOC by the political parties and the government, as well as the attempts by GOC to strengthen its political influence. This paper tries to go beyond a purely institutional level and explores the deeply internalized perception of Christian Orthodoxy as a core element of Georgian identity. Such perception leads to formation of different societal groups consolidated around different religious beliefs and political views. This article analyzes controversies and clashes between these groups during a conflict occurred on May 17, 2013, when a small antihomophobic event was attacked by a big group of counter-protestants. The study focuses on this case and uses, as its core methodology, in-depth interviews, participant observation and interpretive analysis.
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Грузинская православная церковь в публичной сфере: споры о границах участия
стр.107-132
Тамар Чарквиани Ана Челидзе
The aim of this article is to analyze the presence of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the public life, and the limits of such presence. The Church’s high influence is in correlation with spreading its growing involvement in almost all areas of social life. The emphasis is made upon the role of the Orthodox Church in the political process, which is studied and interpreted on the basis of the sociological surveys. These data are further supported by the analysis of the opinions of civil society actors and the church sermons by the clergy. In addition, the article discusses the attitudes of young people toward the process of secularization. The article measures specific indicators, which, in our opinion, is the best way to identify value orientations of the Georgian youth. The surveys were carried out in 2014 and 2015.
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Время соборов: культовые здания и политическая легитимность в постсоветской Грузии
стр.133-155
In the past two decades, the Orthodox Church of Georgia as an institution has been considerably strengthened, and its influence in the public space has significantly grown. As demonstrated by numerous studies, this is partly due to the link between national and religious identities and to the instrumentalization of religion by political elites. However, the concrete ways in which the public authorities have sought to establish their legitimacy thanks to religious references remain to be scrutinized, as well as the constraints they are subjected to. This article focuses on the games of power and strategies of the Patriarchate and the Government around the construction and reconstruction of two cathedrals, Sameba and Bagrati, and on the challenges of building the symbolic national space. Through the analysis of the attempts of the Saakashvili Government to use the symbolic resources provided by major religious buildings, it sheds some light on the limits of the instrumen-talization of Orthodoxy in the legitimization of power.
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Социальная семиотика «мигрантских» церквей в Армении
стр.156-175
Based on a field study of the Gegharkunik region of Armenia, the research addresses the process of building new churches in the context of contemporary social and economic life of the Armenian village. The main characters of the research are initiators and sponsors of the church construction, represented by several social types and, in particular, the type of an affluent emigrant, who thus wants to be represented at their home village with a new status. Building a church usually becomes a social project, through which they construct a positive image of themselves, strengthen the personal and family influence among local authorities and business people, thus becoming a part of the local elites, while being outside physically. Each new church has a “legend” which clarifies motives of the donator referring to such values as his piety, mystical connection to the saints, deference to the memory of ancestors, and compassion to people’s needs. The main places of cult in villages of the region have always been family shrines, usually constructed in a form of a small chapel and devoted to a saint-protector. Newly-constructed church, therefore, eventually takes on functions of such a family shrine, regardless its sizes.
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Рынок исламских товаров и услуг в Дагестане: практики потребления и общественные дискуссии
стр.176-202
The article deals with the functioning of the sector of Islamic goods and services in Dagestan’s urban space and the popular practices of consumption. It describes and analyzes various aspects of Islamic business: operation of the halal market, the sector of women’s clothing, advertising strategies. Special attention is given to the issue of the hijab, its symbolic meaning, and its role in women’s social life. The problem of Islamic consumption is viewed through the prism of the commodification of Islam, which affects both religious practices and the local economy. An intensive appeal to Islam in the city’s social and economic space is not so much a sign of Islamic radicalization as it is a choice of cultural references in the society and the quest for new behavioral patterns. The emergence of new consumer attitudes puts before Dagestani society a problem of choice between European standards and a new identity — belonging to global Islamic civilization. The article draws upon the author’s field materials of 2011-2015.
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Бакинский «бескостный» святой: мусульманское паломничество в секулярном городе
стр.203-225
This anthropologically informed paper is focused on the transformation of meanings and practices related to traditional Shia sacred places — ziayarat gah, pirs — in Azerbaijan. The central issue is the one of power and authority, the interaction of a saint with pilgrims in the context of a modern secular city, in this case Baku. In doing so, the author discusses how a residential house in central Baku has been turned into a popular pilgrimage place since the 1940s and until today. The analysis of popular narratives, ethnographies and hagiographies clearly shows that the practice of pilgrimage can be seen, among other things, as part of political interests.
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Почитание преподобного Габриэла: институционализация народной религии и ее политическое измерение в Грузии
стр.226-254
Monk Gabriel (1929-1995) is one of the most popular religious personalities in modern Georgia. His sermons and prophecies became very popular in the early 1990s and still are to this date. The expanding Internet social networks added to his popularity. His name is connected with miraculous healings; his grave became a sort of a modern shrine in the Georgian Orthodox Church. The phenomenon is on the verge between official and popular religion. His name became a source of legitimation for the Church as well as for the political establishment. In 2012 the “strange monk” was canonized as a saint, in 2014 his body was reburied in the Sameba cathedral in Tbilisi, and an avenue was renamed after him. The whole phenomenon shows the changing and complex role of religion in post-communist Georgian society.
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«Молящаяся» мусульманская молодежь как субкультура кабардино-балкарского общества
стр.255-280
The paper deals with a social group of the Kabardino-Balkarian society — the so-called «praying youth", which emerged during the post-Soviet religious revival. The paper shows some distinctive features of this group — their social base, their world outlook, and their behavioral patterns and markers. A special attention is paid to the analysis of the reasons of emergence of the religious conflict that divided the society into those professing a “popular” form of Islam and those “praying”, with their fundamentalist agenda. The field materials illustrate how the “popular” and/or “traditional” culture vanishes within the subculture of the “praying youth”.
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Подвижная солидарность религиозных групп в условиях конфликта в Дагестане: case study конфронтации вокруг фигуры сельского имама
стр.281-309
The article is fieldwork-based and is devoted to the study of social cohesion in the context of co-existence of various Muslim communities in a Dagestani village. The article explores social aspects of religious confrontations emerged around an episode of forced dismissal of a village imam who was accused of belonging to the Wahhabi network. The author analyses narratives around the imam, who is the central figure of the conflict, the main line of respective religious divide, and the flexibility of the boundaries between various groups/communities. As a conclusion, the article identifies preconditions of intensification of religious solidarity, its particular normative, cultural, and political dimensions.
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«Промежуточная церковь»: армянские католики в Армении и Грузии в постсоветское время
стр.310-330
This paper examines the recent history and current situation of the Armenian Catholic Church from the vantage point of its in-betweenness. The Armenian Catholics’ liminalposition in-between the particularity and exclusiveness of the Armenian Christianity and the inclusiveness and expansionism of the Roman Catholicism have created diverse, often contradictory, politics of identity construction and representation; of cultural absorption and resistance; and of belonging and alienation. The paper takes a closer look at these politics at work in formulating, negotiating, and challenging a distinct character of this strand of Christianity in post-Soviet Armenia and Georgia, where a large portion of Armenian Catholics live and where the Armenian Catholic Church came back to existence after it was banned for over six decades in the Soviet Union.
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Этнос, нация и религия: научные парадигмы и реальность Южного Кавказа
стр.331-356
The goal of this paper is to reveal a few trends in the interaction between religious, national, and ethnic identities as applied to the understanding of current developments in the South Caucasus. It starts with the dominant paradigms in scholarship of identities that has undergone deep evolution towards post-modern washing-out of old solid concepts, such as ethnos, nations, and religion. It turns next to those objective and subjective developments in the emerging new societies of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, which seem to contradict the fashionable academic episteme by recreating robust and powerful concepts of ethnos, nation, and religion. Finally, it will suggest a more complex interpretation that would mitigate the above contradiction between dominant academic scholarship and the societal processes.
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Исламизм и новый распад империй
стр.357-372
In this interview, Georgi Derluguian discusses the reasons of Islamism’s popularity in the context of collapse of two great projects of the West — liberalism and communism. He pays special attention to organizational peculiarity of Islam, which allows this religion to lead successful wars against powerful empires. People who find this ideology attractive are not “new barbarians”; on the contrary, we are dealing with modern socially active people, whose access to social lifts has been blocked. Islamism allows both men and women to realize strategies, which give them a chance to succeed in situation when role models of their parents stopped functioning. In the end of the interview, one finds analysis of the perspectives of the so called Islamic State, forbidden in Russia and elsewhere: the sociologist shows how it will inevitably be involved in the dynamics of contemporary world-system.
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Дискуссии о «врожденной» религиозности в когнитивном религиоведении
стр.373-398
Татьяна Малевич Денис Кожевников
This paper gives an overview of the current debate in the cognitive theories of religion over the relative role of social and cultural versus biological and cognitive factors in the development and formation of religious beliefs. One of the key elements of this debate is the so-called Born Believers thesis. Here we identify and analyze in detail its underlying assumptions, major components, and argumentation. We also show limitations and weak empirical validity of the alternative to Born Believers thesis hypothesis — treating religion as the result solely of religious socialization and enculturation. Furthermore, we identify the place of the Born Believers thesis in the context of the wider “innateness” debate in cognitive sciences. This thesis satisfies the minimum condition of “innateness” and may serve as a useful heuristic tool in cross-cultural research and in studies of children’s
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