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О праславянских клятвенных формулах
стр.7-26
This paper deals with Slavic oath formulas containing the phrases ‘stand firm’ and ‘hold firm’, found mostly in peace treaties. The analysis carried out on the rich corpus of Old Serbian charters written in the vernacular and followed by a comparison with the data from Old Russian. The research is an attempt to reconstruct their possible Proto-Slavic structure, both linguistic and conceptual. After presenting the relevant data, the author reconstructs the following Proto-Slavic formulas: * stojati tvrьdo / krěpьko vь / na klętvě ( kъ) komu ‘stand firm in / on the oath toward someone’, * drьžati tvrьdo / krěpьko klętvǫ ( kъ) komu ‘hold firm the oath toward someone’. Both Serbian and Russian charters show lexical variations in the prepositional phrase and in the adverbial modifier of the formulas, which testify to their semantic compositionality. The etymology of their basic lexical constituents (* stojati, * drьžati, * tvrъdo, * krěpьko) indicates that ‘immobility, firmness’ is their core meaning, * drьžati ‘make immobile > hold’ being just a transitive version of * stojati ‘be immobile > stand’. The concrete, physical concepts ‘stand’ and ‘hold’ were mapped into the target domain of the abstract ones (> ‘exist’ and ‘keep, have’). They represent the embodied experience and speak in favor of Embodied Realism. Indo-European parallels show that ‘stand’ and ‘hold’ belong to some of the basic Indo-European (although not just Indo-European) conceptual metaphors, having a deep cultural motivation. These notions were so deeply rooted into the conceptual apparatus that they survived the change of cultural codes, becoming an integral part of the oath in Christian times. As time went by, they were secularized and reduced to phraseological units. They still exist today, even with the same lexical constituents as in the medieval charters, e.g. Serb. držati X ( reč, obećanje, veru), Russ. sderžat’ X ( dannoe slovo, kljatvu), stojat’ na X = tverdo deržat’sja X ( ubeždenija, mnenija).
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К систематизации общебалканских лексических эвиденциальных маркеров
стр.27-51
A simple listing of lexical evidential markers in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian uncovers unusual problems, because a signifi cant part of the markers are common, both due to genetic relations between the languages (e.g. Bulg. and Maced. spored) and to areal factors (e.g. Turk. word güya / gûya was loaned into Bulg. dialectal gyoa, Maced. ǵoa and Alb. gjoja; this marker also exists in Serb.). But these common markers with the same etymology do not necessarily have similar meanings, which is both a theoretical problem for the description of the language data and a practical issue for translation between the languages. As Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian have grammatical evidential systems as well, there is a question how the lexical evidential markers interact with evidential forms. Here the distinction between analytic and holistic reading can be quite helpful, as it clarifi es the role of each of the components in constructions. In the article it is analysed on the basis of translations between the Balkan languages. The definition of evidentiality I employ in this article is the one stated by A. Aikhenvald: “evidentiality is a linguistic category whose primary meaning is [the] source of information. […] [T]his covers the way in which the information was acquired, without necessarily relating to the degree of [the] speaker’s certainty concerning the statement or whether it is true or not” [Aikhenvald 2004: 3]. It is well known that there is a certain variety of domains for expressing evidentiality; first and foremost there is a distinction between lexical and grammatical markers. 1 In the following article I will concentrate on the common lexical evidential markers in Albanian, Bulgarian, and Macedonian, with a short introduction to grammatical evidentiality in these languages. _______________________ 1 As for the grammatical evidential markers in the Balkan languages, there is a tradition of their analysis dating back to the second half of the 19th century for Albanian and Bulgarian. Comparative analysis of evidential forms in the Balkan languages conducted by Victor Friedman [Friedman 1982, 1986, 1999], Grace Fielder [Fielder 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999], and several other linguists, has answered some questions about what is common among Balkan languages and what is unique for each of them in the domain of grammaticalised evidentiality. There is a great deal of literature on grammatical evidentiality in general and it is scarcely possible to cite it all within a single article, but a recent study [Aikhenvald 2004] contains the main bibliography on the issue.
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Субъект в зависимой предикации в роли объекта при глаголах восприятия, мысли и передачи информации в древнерусском
стр.52-60
This paper describes the Old Russian construction involving verbs of perception, thought, and communication. In this construction, a single semantic argument corresponds to two syntactic constituents: a direct object and a finite subordinate clause, the subject of which is coreferential with the direct object of the main clause. The Old Russian construction is seen as an instantiation of a cross-linguistic option in the argument structure of these verbs (above all, of the perception verbs), that is, to take the subject of the subordinate clause as the direct object.
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Синтаксис псевдо- коррелятивных конструкций с местоимением который в старорусском
стр.61-73
This article takes a close look at pseudo-correlatives: multiple sentences in Middle Russian with the pronoun kotoryj ‘which' in the first clause. It will be argued that they lack correlatives features and that korotyj in such constructions was not a relative but an indefinite pronoun, like the Russian nekotoryj, koe-kakoj. The pseudo-correlatives of Middle Russian are the result of the intermediate stage of the process of the grammaticalization of kotoryj from indefinite to relative pronoun that caused the transformation of the compound constructions into the complex sentence.
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Славянское релятивное što / co между местоимениями и союзами
стр.74-91
This paper presents the key points concerning Slavic relative constructions with a group of kindred invariable lexemes: Russian что, BCS što, Czech, Polish co, Slovak čo, and their cognates. These constructions are classified into two main types, depending on whether the third-person pronoun is used for marking the relative target. Across Slavic languages, the parameters governing the distribution between the two types are closely connected. The interpretation of these parameters (as well as their microvariation) is presented within the functional-typological approach. Syntactic category (part of speech) of the lexemes is discussed in diachronic perspective: in the more innovative construction with third-person pronoun, čto functions more as a complementizer; in the more conservative construction without the pronoun, čto retains some pronoun traits.
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Карл Генрих Майер — последний славист Альбертины
стр.92-99
Karl Heinrich Meyer (1890–1945) war ein deutscher Indogermanist und Slavist, der von 1927 bis 1935 an der Universität Münster und ab 1935 an der Universität Königsberg, der berühmten Albertina, lehrte. In Königsberg unterrichtete er noch im Wintersemester 1944 / 45 bis kurz vor der Eroberung der Stadt durch sowjetische Truppen Altkirchenslavisch sowie die historische Grammatik des Russischen und hielt Vorlesungen zur russischen, zur polnischen und zur bulgarischen Literatur. Als Slavist hat sich K. H. Meyer v.a. um die Erforschung des Altkirchenslavischen Verdienste erworben, insbesondere durch sein Wörterbuch zum Codex Suprasliensis. Aus seiner Feder stammen auch eine historische Grammatik des Russischen sowie Ausgaben von Werken der altrussischen Literatur. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit des Gelehrten bildete die Beschäftigung mit den südslavischen Sprachen, v.a. die Erforschung der historischen Entwicklung der bulgarischen Sprache.
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Загадочный псалом Макса Фасмера и его биографический контекст
стр.100-144
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein in Altkirchenslavisch verfasster Text aus dem Nachlass Max Vasmers verÕff entlicht und kommentiert.
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Раннедревне- болгарский пласт в ростов- ской служебной минее XIII века (РНБ, F. п. I 37)
стр.145-221
The article is dedicated to the linguistic and textual pecularities of the Festal Menaion F. p. I 37 preserved in Russian National Library (S.-Petersburg) and dated to the beginning of the 13th c. Numerous linguistic features of the manuscript testify to Old West Bulgarian (Old Macedonian) literary usage of the end of the 9th — beginning of the 10th c., on the basis of which the earliest Slavonic hymnographical translations were performed. Despite of such an archaic linguistic and textual layers observed in the manuscript, its calendar, structure and content were infl uenced by the monastic rite based on the Typicon of Patriarch Alexius the Studite which had been translated and introduced in Kievan Rus' at the second half of the 11th c. The linguistic features of the text version as att ested by F. p. I 37 have been compared to the manuscripts testifying to the Alexius the Studite text version. It has been affirmed that adaptation of the Old Bulgarian hymnographic heritage in Kievan Rus' followed the unstable trend to neglect the most remarkable South (and South West) Slavonic lingustic features and aimed at establishing “neutral” over dialectal Church Slavonic literary usage. The significant part of the article contains the edition of the earliest Slavonic, i. e. Old Bulgarian, translation of the Greek kanon Τάφῳ παρθενοδόχῳ dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos. The earliest Slavonic translation of this kanon has been preserved in the unique available manuscript, that is F. p. I 37. The publication of the Slavonic translation is supplied with the first critical edition of the Greek source performed on the basis of twelve manuscripts, the linguistic commentary of the Slavonic text, and remarks concerning some metric pecularities of the original Greek version.
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Многовековые направления в языковой интеграции хорватского общества
стр.222-243
The article discusses the history of the Croatian language, particularly the paths of the gradual linguistic integration of all Croats and the development of the standard language (based upon the Štokavian dialect) within Croatian society, whose members have spoken three dialects (Čakavian, Štokavian, Kajkavian) since the Middle Ages. Because of the multidialectal situation (all three dialects played an important role in the history of the Croatian language), linguistic integration was a complex process. The use of the Croatian language before national integrality in the 19th century may look complicated and disunified, but this article attempts to show the old connections between different dialectal areas and the realisation of two the main conceptions of the construction of Croatian superdialectal (literary) expression in linguistic history: a literary language with a single-dialect basis (but with multi-dialectal infiltration within the superstructure) and a literary (hybrid) type of language based upon at least two dialects.
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Орфография и фонетика Юрия Крижанича
стр.244-263
The article presents an attempt to reconstruct the phonetics (phonology) of the dialect spoken by Juraj Križanić, based on the various orthographic elements used in his texts.
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