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Effect of salt stress (NaCl) on biomass and K+/Na+ ratio in cotton
стр.5-14
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate performance of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)varieties, (A118), Aleppo33/1 (A33/1), Aleppo90 (A90), Raqqa5 (Raq5) and Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), grown under different salinity concentration 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl for 56 days. Results indicated that increasing salinity decreased fresh and dry leaf and root weights. Also, leaf K+/Na+ ratio was decreased as increasing salinity levels in all tested varieties. This reduction for the all indicators tested was relatively more pronounced in A118 than DE22. Thereby, DE22 variety relatively performed better under salinity compared to the other tested varieties. Based on this investigation, it can be concluded that DE22 and Raq5 are relatively characterized as salt tolerant, while A90 as moderate salt tolerant. On the other hand, A118 and A33/1 could be considered as salt sensitive.
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Alzheimer's disease: A Threat to mankind
стр.15-30
Pandey Poorti, Singh Mritunjai, Gambhir I. S.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disorder common among elderly involving deficits in memory and cognition. There has been a long history of research and medical practice in AD worldwide, during which different facts came into light. During recent decades with new technologies being integrated, progress has been made in finding new genes responsible for AD, but diagnosis and treatment. In this review we will focus on molecular, genetic and other evidence underlying the known AD pathology.
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Monitoring the sensitivity of selected crops to lead, cadmium and arsenic
стр.31-38
Heavy metals are highly toxic environmental pollutants. In plants, these compounds cause numerous slighter or stronger toxic effects. They inhibit root and shoot growth and yield production, affect nutrient uptake and homeostasis, and are frequently accumulated by agriculturally important crops. Effects of heavy metals on five selected species of agricultural crops were monitored. We focused our attention to general and commonly used stress indicators such as seed germination, weight and length of roots and shoots. Each of these characteristics was dependent on the tested plant species and tested heavy metals. Dosage of lead (500 mg/l) had little effect on seed germination, cadmium (300 mg/l) significantly affected seed germination of pea and barley, arsenic (100 mg/l) caused total inhibition of seed germination in all tested plant species. Plants grow in soil contaminated with heavy metals showed several symptoms of metal toxicity (chlorosis, necrosis of leaf tips, blackening of roots). In general, the highest tolerance to tested metal ions was observed in both varieties of bean, and the lowest sensitivity was observed in soybean plants. The highest degree of toxicity was shown to have tested doses of cadmium and arsenic, the lowest the doses of lead. In general, the lowest tolerance indexes were determined based on the decrease in fresh weight of roots.
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Heavy metal accumulation potential and medicinal property of Bacopa monnieri- a paradox
стр.39-50
Hussain K, Abdussalam AK, Ratheesh Chandra P, Salim Nabeesa
Bioaccumulation of Mercury and Cadmium in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, cultivated in Hoagland medium artificially contaminated with micro quantities of HgCl2 and CdCl2 is investigated. Bioaccumulation potential of B. monnieri is more towards Cd than Hg. Absorption and translocation of Hg and Cd are proportional to the availability of the metal in the growth media and period of growth. Effect of acidic pH showed enhanced accumulation while basic pH resulted in significant reduction in the accumulation of Hg and exorbitant reduction of Cd. As a result of combined treatment of HgCl2 and CdCl2, accumulation was very low in both acidic and basic pH. In addition to pH, antagonistic effect of Ca2+ present in lime water which was added to raise the pH of the growth medium also controls the accumulation and absorption of Hg and Cd ions. Bioaccumulation of Hg and Cd in B. monnieri reveals the phytoremediation potential while the bioaccumulation is hazards to health since the plant is highly medicinal and one important ingredient of many Ayurvedic preparations.
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Stress induced alterations in pre-pubertal ovarian follicular development in rat
стр.51-68
Bhat Manjula S., Yajurvedi H.N.
The objective of the study was to find out whether stress experienced during neo-natal period alters the timing of formation of pre-antral and antral follicles and if so, whether pre-treatment with CRH receptor antagonist prevents these effects in rats. New born rat pups (n= 15) were exposed to maternal separation (6 hours/ day) from post-natal day (PND) 1 to 7 and were killed on PND 8, 11 and 15. The time of exposure was randomly changed every day during light phase (7Am to 7Pm) of the day to avoid habituation. There was a significant increase in serum corticosterone levels on PND 8 and 11 in stress group rats compared to controls indicating stress response in these pups. The ovary of both control and stressed rats contained oocytes and primary follicles on PND 8 and 11 and in showed progress of follicular development upto to pre-antral and early antral follicle formation on PND 11 and 15. However, mean number of healthy oocytes and all categories of follicles at all ages studied were significantly lower in stressed rats compared to controls. Concomitant with these changes, number of atreatic follicles showed an increase over control values in stressed rats. The increase in atresia of follicles was due to apoptosis as shown by increase in the percentage of granulosa cells showing TUNEL positive staining and caspase 3 activity. On the other hand, pre-treatment with CRH- receptor antagonist (CRH 9-41) 2ng/ 0.1 ml/ rat prior to undergoing stress regime on PND 1 to 7, prevented alterations in pre- pubertal follicular development thereby indicating that the ovarian changes were due to effects of stress induced activation of HPA axis. The results indicate that, stress during neonatal phase, though does not affect timing of formation of pre-antral and antral follicles, it does enhance atresia of follicles of all categories, including follicular reserve, which may affect the reproductive potential of adults. The results, for the first time reveal that CRF receptor antagonist prevents pre-pubertal ovarian stress response.
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Содержание воды и сахаров в листьях лекарственных растений в течение вегетации
стр.69-79
Живетьев М.А., Граскова И.А., Поморцев А.В., Войников В.К.
Увеличение содержания сахаров, выполняющих криопротекторную функцию, наблюдали к концу периода вегетации. На побережье озера Байкал накопление сахаров происходило интенсивнее, чем в Иркутске.
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The salicylic acid effect on the Salvia officianlis L. sugar, protein and proline contents under salinity(NaCl) stress
стр.80-87
Khosravi Sahar, Baghizadeh Amin, Nezami Mohammad Taher
Plant growth is impressed by biotic and abiotic stress inversely. There are many reports about proteins change level in salinity stress. Leaves fill up more soluble sugar of glucose, fructose and proline with treatment of salicylic acid. In this research, Salivia officialis seeds planted in pots containing perlite were put in a growth chamber under controlled conditions of 27 ±2 0C and 23 ±2 0temperature, 14h lightness and 10h darkness; NaCl concentration of 0,4,8,12 ds/m and salicylic acid concentration of 0,1,2,4 mM were used in the form of factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). The results demonstrated that increasing of proline and sugars due to osmotic slope in plants lead to increasing of tolerance against dehydrations of leave content and acceleration of plant developments in stress conditions.
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Функциональное состояние митохондриальной поры головного мозга белых крыс в условиях длительного эмоционального стресса
стр.88-96
Бурджанадзе Г., Менабде К., Гавашелидзе М., Кучукашвили З., Кошоридзе Н.
Изучено функциональное состояние митохондриальной мембранной поры в головном мозге белых лабораторных крыс на фоне стресса, вызванного 30-дневной изоляцией животных и нарушением суточного ритма. Выявлено, что функциональное состояние МРТР в условиях стресса меняется. В частности, наблюдается процесс активации митохондриальной поры, что является следствием открытия поры под влиянием увеличения концентрации цитоплазматического Са2+и уменьшения содержания митохондриального Са2+. Предполагается, что Са2+-индуцированное открытие поры является результатом увеличения оксидантных процессов в мозге, как следствие энергодефицита и понижения активности антиоксидантных ферментов.
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The role of mitochondria in response of wild grass Elymus sibiricus L. seedlings to temperature stress, water deficiency and hydrogen peroxide exposure
стр.97-112
Lyubushkina I.V., Grabelnych O.I., Pavlovskaya N.S., Pobezhimova T.P., Koroleva N.A., Voinikov V.K.
The relationship between energetic parameters and content of stress proteins (alternative oxidase, uncoupling protein and HSP70) in wild grass Elymus sibiricusmitochondria during different stress exposure (cold hardening, cold shock, high-temperature stress, water deficiency and oxidative stress) has been studied. It has been shown that influence of mild stress factors (cold hardening and exogenous 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide treatment) result in adaptive changes related to the increase of activity alternative oxidase and the increase of content such proteins as alternative oxidase, uncoupling protein and HSP70. The comparative analysis of the function of the cultured and wild plants mitochondria in stress conditions has been produced.
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Differential responses of plumbagin content in Plumbago zeylanica L. (Chitrak) under controlled water stress treatments
стр.113-121
Kharadi R., Upadhyaya S.D., Upadhyay A., Nayak Preeti Sagar
A pot experiment was conducted on Plumbago zeylanica L. (Chitrak) under controlled water stress environment in greenhouse during the kharif season. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with five treatments of different water stress levels i.e. control, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% and four replications. Out of five stress levels, 80% water stress has influenced root length, dry herbage, plumbagin, potassium and proline content. In control conditions the plant height, number of leaf, total leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis, CO2 utilization, H2O utilization and chlorophyll were found to be maximum. The impact of water stress on plumbagin content has shown increase trend with respect to different water stress levels that is maximum at 80 % and minimum at control.
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Glycosylated Hemoglobin: The Importance in Management of Type 2 Diabetes
стр.122-129
Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem with high and increasing prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The association between diabetes and microvascular and macrovascular complications is well known besides, tight glycemic control is a necessity. HbA1Chas clinically been used since 1980s as a gold standard for monitoring glycemic control and predicting of diabetic complications. The present review article was prepared by computerized sources of literature searches 2000 - 2009. The history of Hemoglobin A1C, its assay techniques, optimal A1C targets, its reliability in control of diabetic complications, limitations of test results and its importance in control of diabetes patients and their complications are discussed.
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Growth and antioxidant system under drought stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as sustained by salicylic acid
стр.130-144
Pradeep Kumar Patel, Hemantaranjan A., Sarma B.K., Singh Radha
Drought is one of the major factors limiting chickpea production in arid and semi arid regions. There is meagre information available regarding genotypic variation for drought tolerance in chickpea genotypes. Present investigation was carried out to find out the influence of salicylic acid (SA) on drought tolerance in four chickpea genotypes. Reduction in relative injury was observed in plants treated with SA @1.5 mM as compared to control seedlings. Relationship between relative water content (RWC), membrane permeability (MP), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline, lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was determined in order to find out whether these parameters can be used as selection criteria for drought tolerance in this crop. Results indicate wide variation in tolerance to drought stress amongst chickpea cultivars at both the critical stages i.e. pre- and post-anthesis. On the basis of growth and antioxidant activity better genotypes Tyson and ICC-4958 appear to be adapted to drought stress tolerance. Early drought stress (pre-anthesis drought) was found to be more damaging than the late drought stress (post- anthesis drought).
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Influence of NaCl salinity on growth analysis of strawberry cv. Camarosa
стр.145-156
Rahimi Asghar, Biglarifard A., Mirdehghan H., Borghei S. F.
In order to study of salinity effect on growth analysis of strawberry, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2010. This study was carried out RCBD design with 4 replications to determine the influence of salinity (30, 60, 90 Mmol and control with distilled water) on strawberry growth analysis. Results indicated that relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and dry matter accumulation were decreased with increasing salinity. The lowest RGR, CGR and LAR were observed in 90 Mmol NaCl salinity. Results also indicated that maximum dry matter accumulations were observed in 1050, 1200 and 1400 degree days in 30, 60 and 90 Mmol NaCl salinity, respectively. Water salinity more than 30 Mmol NaCl L-1 will decreased fresh fruit yield more than 50 percent in hydroponics strawberry production. Dry mass partitioning in NaCl-stressed plants was in favor of crown and petioles and at expense of root, stem and leaf whereas leaf, stem and root DM progressively declined with an increase in salinity.
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Role of Exogenous Proline in Ameliorating Salt Stress at Early Stage in Two Rice Cultivars
стр.157-174
Deivanai S, Xavier R., Vinod V, Timalata K, Lim O.F.
The study evaluated the effect of proline on germination and seedling growth of two Malaysian rice cultivars (MR220 and MR232) under salt stress. The exposure of rice seeds to increasing concentration of NaCl (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM) had drastically affected germination (%), root and shoot length (mm), chlorophyll content and protein content. It is evident from the result of inhibition in germination rate, reduction in root and shoot length, chlorophyll content and protein content. However, several studies have shown that exogenous application of proline has ameliorated the negative effect of salt stress by regulating cellular osmotic balance. The present study has demonstrated that rice seeds pretreated with proline (1mM, 5mM and 10mM) and grown at different NaCl concentrations counteracted the adverse effect of salt. Pretreatment of proline at a concentration of 1mM was found to be effective and stimulated cellular activities, whereas 10mM proline was ineffective in improving plant growth under high level of salt (300 and 400mM NaCl).
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Diurnal variations in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice leaves: the cause for midday depression in CO2 photosynthetic rate
стр.175-186
Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis were carried out to investigate the diurnal variations in photosynthesis in leaves of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Leaf CO2photosynthetic rate (Pn) showed a bimodal diurnal pattern and midday depression in Pn was observed at 13:00 h. Depression in Pn at midday was mostly attributed to stomatal limitation since the reduction in Pn was followed by the significant reduction in stomatal conductance (Gs). Midday depression in Pn was found to be associated with reversible inactivation of Photo-system II (PS II) reaction centers and increase of photo-inhibition in response to high intensity as evidenced by the maximum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) decreased with increase of light intensity from 6:00 h to 16:00 h of a day. The minimal fluorescence (Fo) gradually increased with increasing light intensity and reached its highest value at 13:00 h and on contrary the maximal fluorescence (Fm) decreased and reached its lowest value at 13:00 h. Quantification of several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (JIP-test) like area above the fluorescence curve between Fo and Fm, phenomenological energy fluxes like electron transport per cross section (ETo/CS), active PS II reaction center per exited cross-section (RC/CSo) and performance index (Pi) were low in early morning, increasing with time and reaching a maximum at 9:00 h subsequently decreasing and reaching a minimum value at 13.00 h. On contrary the dissipation per cross-section (Dio/CS) gradually increased with increasing light intensity and reached its highest value at 13:00 h. It is likely that PS II down-regulation and heat dissipation co-operated together to prevent the chloroplast from photo damage.
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Expression analysis of boiling-stable protein (BsCyp) in response to drought, salt and osmotic treatments in drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars of Triticum aestivum
стр.187-196
Rakhra Gurmeen, Sharma Arun Dev, Singh Jatinder, Vyas Dhiraj
The effect of osmotic, drought and salt stresses on the induction of boiling-stable proteins were studied in C-306 (drought tolerant) and HD-2004 (drought susceptible) cultivars of Triticum aestivum. Western blotting analysis, using polyclonal antibodies raised against a 20 kDa A. thaliana cyclophilin, the induction of a cross-reacting band (40 kDa, BsCyp) in cv. 306. However no substantial expression was observed in drought sensitive cv. HD-2004, indicating its role in water stress adaptation. Thermostability studies of BsCyp in cv. 306 revealed that BsCyp was stable and can be detected even after 20 min of boiling treatment under all the stresses. Based upon these observations the possible role of BsCyp in water stress tolerance is discussed.
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Эффективность применения оригинальных криофилактиков для сохранности лейкоцитов при -40°С
стр.197-206
Зайцева О.О., Полежаева Т.В., Сведенцов Е.П., Соломина О.Н., Утемов С.В.
При замораживании лейкоциты подвергаются воздействию комплекса повреждающих факторов, в связи с их сложной клеточной структурой и высоким метаболизмом. Избежать повреждений позволяют криофилактики, большинство из которых токсичны. Целью работы явилось сравнение эффективности применения двух малотоксичных растворов для консервирования лейкоцитов при -40°С в течение 1 суток. Установлено, что раствор, содержащий криопротектор смешанного действия (производное мочевины) и антигипоксант (фумарат натрия)наиболее эффективно способствует сохранению функциональной активности лейкоцитов.
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Effect of Heavy metal stress on spore germination of Pteris confusa T. G. Walker and Pteris argyraea T. Moore
стр.207-216
Irudayaraj V., Johnson M., Priyakumari A.S., Janani Prabha A.
Background: Plants have both and adaptive mechanisms for coping with the elevated metal concentrations and they are utilized to clean the polluted soil and water. Unlike angiosperms hyperaccumulators, fern hyperaccumulators are equipped with inherent biological characteristics that could be exploited in the phytoremediation strategies aimed at decontaminating polluted sites. spores can be successfully used to screen the hyperaccumualting ferns and also to test the toxicity of the metal contaminated samples. Purpose of the Study: In the present study, a preliminary attempt was made to compare the tolerance capacity of the spores of two ferns; Pteris confusa T. G. Walker and Pteris argyraea T. Moore against the heavy metal zinc (Zinc sulphate). Spores of the two ferns were cultured in Knop's liquid medium with various concentrations of zinc sulphate (0-200ppm). Results: In the case of P. confusa normal germination was observed in control, 120 ppm and 140 ppm and the germination of spores were failed in 160, 180 and 200 ppm of zinc supplemented cultures. In contrary, P. argyraea showed maximum percentage of spore germination in 140 ppm zinc supplemented cultures and the control and 120 ppm zinc sulphate supplemented cultures were failed to show the germination. The germination percentage and growth rate was decreased in high concentration of zinc sulphate. are showed more tolerance to heavy metal than protonema of P. argyraea. Conclusion: Difference in response of spores to the heavy metal zinc may be due the difference in the hyper-accumulating capacity of the ferns.
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Nature's treasurer: plants acting on colon cancer
стр.217-231
Gupta Akhil, Mittal Anuj, Jha K.K., Kumar Ashok
Nowadays, neoplastic disease, especially colorectal cancer has been emerged as a major challenge for mankind. For treatment of colorectal cancer some drugs available in market (e.g. Capecitabine, Cetuximab, Trinotecan, etc.) and many are under investigation. Tremendous possibilities are reviewed and collected from the herbal source (natural treasure) for the successful management of colorectal cancer. Intensive research had been done worldwide on the plant source that increases possibilities for providing great opportunities to improve the management of the colorectal cancer. Many researchers had concluded that herbal source can be useful for the successful management of colon cancer. This review provides a brief account on various plants that can be used for therapeutic purposes. Author suggests developing a chemical base moiety for clinical researchers to run clinical trials and future research on such capable plants.
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Alterations of protein and DNA profiles of Zea mays L. under UV- B radiation
стр.232-240
John De Britto A., Jeevitha M., Leon Stephan Raj T.
UV radiation is an important stress factor for plants which may result in damage to genetic system and cell membranes and several metabolic processes. UV-B has greater damaging effects on plants because the cell macromolecules such as DNA and protein having strong absorption at 280-320 nm. In the present study, UV-B stress was given to the seeds of ZeamaysL. two different time intervals (30 and 60 min) and that stressed seeds were grown under normal environment condition. The leaves of 10thand 20thday seedlings were collected for the analysis of protein and DNA profiles. Protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and DNA was analyzed by Restriction enzymes. When compared with control plants, increased numbers of protein and DNA bands were observed in UV-B treated plants. The present study concluded that the plant synthesis new proteins and DNA under UV treatment for the adaptation to the environmental conditions. These stressed proteins could be used as biomarkers for identification of stressed plant. Identification of quantitative trait loci for UV stress resistance may well be an effective analytical tool. This approach is promising, considering that saturated DNA marker maps are now available for both genetic model plants and crop plants.
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Salt Stress responses on Protein Profile in Vigna unguiculata L.
стр.241-249
Johnson M, Dooslin Mary D, Babu A
The present study was aimed to elucidate the salt tolerant, salt inducible and salt sensitive protein of the Vigna unguiculataby Sodium Deodyl Sulphate - Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. of Vigna unguiculataexposed to different environmental conditions exhibited a plethora of physio-chemical responses. The seedlings treated with various concentrations of Naat third day showed maximum of 85 bands, with nine active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.012 to 0.891. The seedlings treated with same experimental set up at fifth day showed maximum number of 63 bands with eight active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.108 to 0.891. On 5thday seedlings showed the isoperoxidase expression with various sizes of bands. The soluble protein showed a gradual increase during the initial stage and after fifth day there was gradual decrease in their content.
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Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant potential of wheat treated with phytohormones under salinity stress
стр.250-267
The interactive effects 0.5 mM indole acetic acid or 0.1 mM of salicylic acid as shoot spraying on NaCl wheat stressed plant organs (spike, shoot and root) grown in pot experiment under different salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) were studied. The antioxidant enzymes as catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugar, proteins, amino acids, and proline contents in spike, shoot and root of salinity stressed plants were the most affected parameters specially at high salinity levels (150-200 mM NaCl).Treatments with 0.5 mM indole acetic acid or 0.1 mM of salicylic acid as shoot spraying on NaCl wheat stressed plant organs mitigated the harmful effect of NaCl. To conclude the phytohormone acetic acid or salicylic acid salt tolerance in stressed wheat by significantly catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase, increased photosynthetic pigments and the accumulation of nontoxic metabolites (sugars, proteins, amino acid and free proline) as a protective adaptation mechanismin different wheat organs. However, the magnitude of increase was more pronounced in salicylic acid treated plants than in indole acetic acid treated ones, and the spike was more accumulator organ of non toxic metabolites compared to shoot and root. salicylic acid and/or indole acetic acid treatments prevents the deleterious effects of salinity stressed wheat and could be adopted as a potential growth regulator or antioxidant to improve growth particularly under moderate NaCl salinity levels, wheat plant respond positively to SA foliar application than IAA application.
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The hypothesis of specific affinity of metabolic pathways inherent to onset of hibernation and reaction to critical stress stimuli
стр.268-291
In this publication we are discussing the discovered analogy between reactions of hibernating and non-hibernating animals to critical factors in the external environment. A hypothesis is formulated regarding the mechanisms responsible for the discovered analogy both at the cellular level and at the level of the whole organism.
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Ion partitioning and Mg2+/Na+ ratio under salt stress application in cotton
стр.292-300
The response of five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties (A118), Aleppo33/1 (A33/1), Aleppo90 (A90), Raqqa5 (Raq5) and Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22) to salt stress (, 50, 100 and 200 NaCl) was studied in a pot experiment, in terms of their ionic distribution 56 days.and roots of DE22 exhibited the lowest Na+and Cl-and the highest leaf Mg2+contents conversely to A118. on this investigation, was no relationship between 2+content and salt tolerance of different cotton varieties. and root Mg2+/Na+ratios were decreased as salinity level increased for all tested varieties. In this respect, the value for the previous indicators was recorded in DE22 while the lowest one was recorded in A118. Thereby, among all tested varieties, DE22 variety relatively performed better under salinity compared to the other varieties.
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The effects of Leptin on gastric ulcer due to physical and psychological stress: Involvement of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2
стр.301-310
Fallahi Soghra, Nabavizadeh Fatemeh, Sadr Seyed Shahabadin, Alizadeh Ali Mohammad, Adeli Soheila, Nahrevanian Hossein, Sadeghipour Hamid Reza, Hasanzadeh Gholamreza
The present study aimed to assess the effects of Leptin on physical and psychological stresses inducing gastric ulcer. The potential role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the effects of Leptin on the gastric ulcer in rats are also investigated. In this study, fifty-four male Wistar rats were equally divided into 9 groups and Leptin (10 µg/kg, s.c.) was administered twice a day for 14 days in advance of physical and psychological stress. Also, NG- nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, an inhibitor of NO synthase) and indomethtacin (5 mg/kg, in order to inhibit PG synthesis) were applied before Leptin administration. Ulcer index, gastric acid secretion, NO metabolites and PGE2 of stomach tissue suspension were all measured. Results indicated that ulcer index and gastric acid secretion were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in Leptin in compare with those of single stress groups. Also, NO metabolites and PGE2 were increased (p<0.05) in Leptin groups than both L-NAME and Indomethacin+Leptin groups. Conclusively, data of this study emphasized the healing ability of Leptin on gastric ulcer induced by physical and psychological stresses involves the NO and PGE2 pathways.
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A comparative study of lichen biochemistry and air pollution status of urban, semi urban and industrial area of Hooghly and Burdwan district, West Bengal
стр.311-323
Das K., Dey U., Bhaumik R., Datta J.K., Mondal N.K.
Lichens are group of nonvascular plants. Lichen absorbs water and nutrient passively from their environment. Because of this lichens are particularly sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, water availability, and air pollutants and/or by substances accumulates in lichen from the environment through variety of mechanisms including particulate trapping, ion exchange, extracellular electrolyte adsorption, hydrolysis and intra cellular uptake. Air pollution control is more complex than most other environmental changes. A study has been done to evaluate the air pollution status by means of lichen through the biochemical variability of three macro environment (semiurban area Arambagh, urban area Burdwan and industrial area Durgapur). The study results revealed that there exist inverse relationship between pollutant load and pigment content (chlorophyll and carotenoid content). Average concentration of chlorophyll 'a', 'b', and total chlorophyll was found in following order, Site-II>Site-III>Site-I. From the result of Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI) it has been found that the chlorophyll degradation is highest in Site-II followed by Site-III and lowest in Site-I. There is a strong inverse relationship of chlorophyll content in lichen with SO2and NOxbut the level of SPM found highest in Site-I followed by Site-III and lowest in Site-II. Moreover, biochemical constituents (protein, sugar, phenol and proline) of all the representative samples were also vary from site to site. The study results reveal that the amount of soluble sugar was highest recorded at Site-III followed by Site-I and lowest in Site-II. Again correlation study indicates that there is positive relationship between soluble sugar and phenol content at 5% level of significance. Therefore, it also indicates that the lichen metabolite and other physiological action monitored by SO2, NOx SPM level in the air. Studies showed that the semiurban area was under more vulnerable condition than industrial and urban area of Hooghly and Burdwan district. Moreover the micrograph study of representative lichen samples directly proved that lichen structure affected by air pollutants, but the extent of deformation exclusively depends on the level of pollutants present in the air. Results also suggest that different level of air pollutants (SO2, NOxand SPM) affect the biochemical parameters of lichen, but more extensive study is needed to confirm the relationship between air pollution status and lichen biochemistry.
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Effect of Crude Brassinosteroid Extract on Growth and Biochemical Changes of Gosssypium hirsutum L. and Vigna mungo L.
стр.324-334
Syed Ali Fathima M, Johnson M, Lingakumar K
The present study was aimed to examine the influence of BRs on seed germination and seedling growth in Gossypium hirsutumL. Var Svpr 2 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Var T9. application of BRs on seed germination of Gossypium hirsutum the rate of germination considerably with varied percentage from 60.4 to 99. Vigna mungoseed also showed the varied percentage of germination from 56.8 to 80.1. Both the plants exhibited high percentage of vegetative growth such as shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area on 3% of BR supplementation. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll increased under BR treatments. Among the concentration, 3% BRs caused maximum effect than the other tested concentrations. High percentage of starch 53% and 31 % was observed in Gossypiumand Vignamungorespectively. The results of the present study shows that 3% BRs promotes the growth rate of Gossypium hirsutumL. Var Svpr 2 and Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Var. T9. The results of the present study supplemented to the previous observations and practical utilization of the new steroidal group of phytohormones for large scale production of the economically important crops Gossypium hirsutumL. Var Svpr 2 and Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Var. T9.
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Attenuation of Chromium toxicity in mine waste water using water hyacinth
стр.335-346
The mine waste water at South Kaliapani chromite mining area of Orissa (India) showed high levels of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr+6). Cr+6contaminated mine waste water poses potential threats for biotic community in the vicinity. The current field based phytoremediation study is an in situapproach for attenuation of Cr+6 mine waste water using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) weeds by rhizofiltration method. The weeds significantly reduced (up to 54%) toxic of Cr+6 contaminated mine waste water when passed through succeeding water hyacinth ponds. The reduction of toxic chromium level varied with the plant age and passage distance of waste water. Chromium phytoaccumulation and Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF) was maximum at growing stage of plant i.e. 75 days old plant. High BCF (10,924) and Transportation Index (32.09) for water hyacinth indicated that the weeds can be used as a tool of phytoremediation to combat the problem of in situ contamination in mining areas.
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Cytokinins, A classical multifaceted hormone in plant system
стр.347-368
Mohd Mazid, Taqi Ahmed Khan, Firoz Mohammad
Today, owing to the versatile functionality and physiological importance of the phytohormone cytokinin (Ck) is a major focus of attention in contemporary wide areas of plant science. Cytokinins (Cks) have implicated in diverse essential processes of plant growth and development as well as in regulation of key genes responsible for the metabolism and activities of plants. Cytokinin interact in a complex manner to control a myriad of aspects related to growth, development and differentiation and its deficiency also causes pleiotropic developmental changes such as reduced shoot and increased root growth. Cytokinin signaling involves His Kinase receptors that perceive cytokinin and transmit the signal via a multi-step phosphorelay similar to bacterial two-component signaling system. Also, this review present a scheme for homeostatic regulation of endogenous cytokinins level in terms of the described mechanism of cytokinin action including its receptors and steps involved in regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and its role in whole plant as well as cell division. In addition, we also demonstrate a wide variety of biological effects including those on gene expression, inhibition of auxin action, stimulation of cell cycle etc.
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Ameliorative effects of Ca 2+ on the growth, metabolism, cationic status and cell wall degrading enzymes of induced salinity stress Vicia faba L.
стр.369-386
Vicia faba L. Plant was grown in a pot experiment to study the positive role of CaCl2 on NaCl induced stress in terms of growth parameters, metabolic, cation contents and cell wall degrading enzymes in different plant organs. The salinity treatments were having an osmotic potential of (0.0; -0.23;-0.46; -0.92 and -1.15 MPa), respectively. A hundred mL of 10 mM CaCl2 were added to the previous concentrations and harvested after 11 weeks old. The data revealed that, NaCl treatments reduced the growth parameters; which most sensitive in root than shoot. Organic cytosolutes were much higher in root than shoot organ except for protein accumulation. The amount of inorganic cytosolutes (Na+ and Ca2+) in general increased markedly in shoot than root and vice versa for K+ and Mg2+. CaCl2 treatment alone induces these parameters than control one. Mixed salts of NaCL and CaCl2 positively improve the aforementioned parameters with varying degrees depending on the organs. While root seems to be the more sensitive organ for growth parameters measured, it also seems most accumulator organ than shoot for many metabolites. For the ionic contents, shoot and root varies between the mono and divalent cations. Cell wall degrading enzymes significantly and progressively increased as salinity level of treated plants increased. However, CaCl2 treatments induced a significant reduction in the activity of these enzymes when compared with their respective NaCL treatments. The ameliorative percentage due to calcium application of stressed faba bean on growth parameters ranges from 17.53 to 79.55 %; for metabolites from 8.69 to 194.91; for ionic status from 9.94 to 56.67 %, and for cell wall degrading enzymes from 16.76 to 39.15 %. These data leads to strongly recommend adding CaCl2 to saline environment to decrease the deleterious effects of salinity.
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Differential Response of Two Scented Indica Rice (Oryza sativa) Cultivars under Salt Stress
стр.387-397
Danai-Tambhale Sunita, Kumar Vinay, Shriram Varsha
Present report deals with the effect of varying (0 - 200 mM NaCl) salt stress on two popular scented non-basmati type indica rice cultivars, namely Indrayani and Ambemohar on germination and growth and biochemical parameters. In the present investigation the effect of increasing salt stress was seen on germination, biomass production and biochemical parameters including total protein content, proline accumulation, starch content, polyphenols levels, and reducing and non-reducing sugars. Contrasting behavior was evidenced in both the cultivars in terms of germination rate and biomass production at seedling and early vegetative growth level. Salt stress-induced proline accumulation was observed in both the cultivars, however, with much higher extent of proline accumulation in Ambemohar than Indrayani. A salinity stress of 200 mM NaCl resulted into 305% higher proline content than the control plants of Ambemohar against 222% higher proline in Indrayani at the same stress level. Similarly protein content was also higher in Ambemohar than Indrayani at the highest stress level used in this study. Contrasting results were seen in terms of starch content amongst both the cultivars, where continuous decrease with increasing salt stress was observed in Indrayani, on the other hand, an increase in starch content was evident in Ambemohar under the influence of NaCl-induced salt stress. These finding clearly indicates the comparably higher salt tolerant nature of Ambemohar than Indrayani which might be attributed to higher proline, protein and starch content than Indrayani cultivar under salt stress.
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Физиологическая роль кальция при бобово-ризобиальном симбиозе
стр.398-414
Васильева Г.Г., Ищенко А.А., Глянько А.К.
Обобщены данные литературы о физиологической роли кальция (Са2+) в развитии бобово-ризобиального симбиоза на начальных его этапах - инфицирования и образования симбиотических структур. Рассмотрены вопросы о функции Са2+ в растениях, особенности формирования бобово-ризобиального симбиоза и роль кальция при взаимодействии двух организмов. Проанализированы данные о взаимодействии АФК и Са2+ при развитии бобово-ризобиального симбиоза, а также связь НАДФН-оксидазной активности с кальциевой сигнальной системой. Особое внимание обращается на роль Са2+- спайков (calcium spiking) и кальций-кальмодулинзависимой киназы в инициации функционирования симбиотических путей у растения, приводящих к инфицированию и образованию симбиотических структур.
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Chemo-protective effect of aqueous extract of the resurrection plant Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring on UV-tolerance during spore germination of Pteris argyraea T. Moore
стр.415-423
Sathiyakumar C., Irudayaraj V., Johnson M.
The present study was aimed to know the effect of aqueous extracts of the resurrection plant, Selaginella involvens(Sw.) Spring on spore germination in Pteris argyraeaT. Moore and also to know the ameliorating effect of the extracts on UV-Stress during spore germination of Pteris argyraeaT. Moore. Based on the present study it is concluded that the extract of Selaginella involvens, shows growth promoting effect by enhancing the spore germination in Pteris argyraea.Both UV and aqueous extracts of Selaginella involvensenhances germination, but the UV stress results in both physical and morphogenetic abnormalities. It is to be noted that in the extract treated spores, the physical abnormalities are in less frequency when compared to the extract- untreated spores.
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Моделирование теплопередачи в сообществе растений
стр.424-436
Финников К.А., Корзун А.М., Колесниченко А.В.
Рассмотрен процесс кондуктивного, конвективного и радиационного теплообмена в модели природной системы, включающей сообщество растений, приземный слой воздуха и верхний слой грунта. В одномерном нестационарном приближении сформулирована математическая модель процесса. Проведено численное моделирование процесса охлаждения растений в сообществе в условиях радиационного заморозка. Выяснено, что взаимное влияние растений в сообществе на теплообмен с окружающей средой, усиливающееся по мере увеличения размеров растений и их количества на единицу площади поверхности грунта, приводит к замедлению остывания в нижней части растений и ускорению остывания в верхней части. Проведены оценки количества выделяемого в термогенном растении тепла, достаточного для защиты растения от холодового стресса. Показано, что при наличии вынужденного движения воздуха скорость остывания растений существенно снижается, как и энергозатраты термогенного растения на защиту от холодового стресса.
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Термографическая регистрация тепловых эффектов у растений при холодовом стрессе
стр.437-445
Ковчавцев А.П., Курышев Г.Л., Базовкин В.М., ПОЛОВИНКИН В.Г., Настовьяк А.Е., Финников К.А., Корзун А.М., Колесниченко А.В., Войников В.К.
В настоящей работе изучается возможность длительного наблюдения тепловых эффектов у растений термографическим способом. Обсуждаются проблемы потери точности измерений при низких температурах и способ калибровки камеры по температуре. Исследуется возможность проведения быстрых измерений в процессе охлаждения растений. Устанавливается диапазон температур, приводящий к гибели растений озимой пшеницы.
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Участие цианидрезистентного дыхания в термогенерации и антиокислительной защите клетки в проростках озимой пшеницы при холодовом воздействии
стр.446-456
Грабельных О.И., Побежимова Т.П., Корзун А.М., Возненко С.А., Королева Н.А., Павловская Н.С., Боровик О.А., Войников В.К.
В работе показано, что активация цианидрезистентного дыхания 24-х часовой обработкой 30 мкМ антимицином А и 10 мМ перекисью водорода вызывает усиление тепловыделения тканями проростков озимой пшеницы и снижает их гибель при последующем действии отрицательной температуры -6 С (3 часа). В то же время активация альтернативного пути в проростках озимой пшеницы при длительном действии низкой положительной температуры эффективно предотвращает образование активных форм кислорода (АФК) в ЭТЦ митохондрий, индуцируемое субстратом окисления или антимицином А.
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