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The effect of plant defense elicitors on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth and yield in absence or presence of spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infestation
стр.5-22
Background The common bean plants "Phaseolus vulgaris L." is frequently attacked by the two spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae, causing a substantial decrease in bean plant growth and yield as well as leaflet structure. Therefore, for commercial bean cultivation in the field controlling TSSM infection is necessary. Results Foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on common bean plants before or after two spotted spider mite infestation proved to be effective in reducing infestations. In most concentrations these elicitors significantly improved common bean plant growth i.e. had a positive effect on plant height, number of branches, shoot dry weight and leaf area per plant and bean yield. SA at 100 mg/l had the strongest positive effect. Moreover, application of elicitors significantly altered leaflet anatomical characters i.e. increased thickness of leaflet blade, thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma as well as thickness of midrib region of the leaflet and changed the dimension of vascular bundles. Alternatively, TSSM infestation had the opposite effect on these leaflet anatomical characters. Conclusion We conclude that SA or MeJA could be used for controlling TSSM infestation, to improve plant growth and to improve bean yield in the field.
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Response of crop plants under sulphur stress tolerance: A holistic approach
стр.23-57
Mohd Mazid, Taqi Ahmed Khan, Firoz Mohammad
Sulphur (S) is a part of every living cell and is a constituent of two of the 20 amino acids which form proteins. Of all the macronutrient, S is perhaps the nutrient which has attracted the most attention in soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential defensive characteristics to pests, good nutritive potentiality to crops and its relative immobility in the soil- plant system. The benefits from S fertilisation of crops can be traced to its role in protein development, to improvement of nitrogen use, etc. However, the availability of S needed for profitable crop production continues to decline. This review highlights the prominent effects of S in plants (i.e. growth retardation, alternations of photosynthesis, stomatal movement, enzymatic activities, protein synthesis, interferences with various stress conditions, membrane functioning etc.) but also includes the mechanism of uptake and translocation. Moreover, it also throws new insights, have led us to revisit the hypothesis of S chelation.
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Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Minimize Salt-Induced Wheat Leaf Senescence
стр.58-79
Background Leaf senescence is an oxidative process, and most of the catabolic events involved in senescence are propagated irreversibly once initiated. Results Salinity hastened the senescence of wheat flag leaves, decreased the concentrations of chlorophyll, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenol, calcium, potassium, magnesium, K+/Na+ ratio and soluble proteins, as well as the activities of catalase and peroxidase. Conversely, salinity increased sodium, chloride, and the chlorophylla:b ratio, as well as membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde synthesis. Both antioxidants application reduced the hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, sodium and chloride content over control plants. The antioxidants enzyme activities were significantly increased by antioxidant spray. Enhanced accumulation of ascorbate, phenol, carotenoids, calcium, potassium and magnesium was seen in antioxidants-sprayed plants compared with control plants at 65 days after sowing. Under moderate and sever salinity levels application of both antioxidants alleviated the harmful effects of salinity on leaf senescence related parameter. The higher levels of antioxidants and low level of H2O2 in flag leaf may be the prerequisite for delayed leaf senescence in antioxidants-sprayed plants. Conclusions It can be concluded that ascorbic acid-sprayed plants can postpone the leaf senescence by peroxide/phenolic/ascorbate system which is involved in scavenging the ROS produced during leaf senescence.
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Morphological and molecular variation of five rice varieties to Ultra Violet-B radiation stress
стр.80-86
John De Britto A, Mary Sujin R, Roshan Sebastian Steena
India is one of the major rice producing countries. Rice cultivation is affected by several factors such as climate, soil pollution, UV radiation etc. The present study is an attempt made to understand the morphological variation and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in five different rice varieties induced with UV-B stress. Five varieties of rice were irradiated with UV-B for 10, 20 and 30 min and a set was maintained as control for every variety. Morphological variations were estimated using morphometric analysis that showed significant variation in stressed and controlled sets. The leaf protein was separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and molecular weight markers were used to calculate the molecular weight of the proteins. UV treated varieties had the lowest record based on the banding pattern than the control. These results show that the UV radiation could induce both phenotypic and genotypic changes in rice.
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Effect of salt stress on expression of carotenoid pathway genes in tomato
стр.87-94
Babu Merlene Ann, Singh Devesh, Gothandam K.M.
Carotenoids, the naturally occurring isoprenoids form essential components of photosynthetic antenna and reaction centre complexes. Thus they play a significant role in absorption, dissipation and transfer of light energy for the process of photosynthesis. The effects of salt stress on carotenoid gene expression in tomato leaves were studied. For that tomato plants were subjected to different concentration of salt water. Morphological characters such as plant height, no. of fruits per plant, chlorophyll content and expression of four major carotenoid pathway genes such as phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta carotene desaturase and lycopene beta cyclase were analysed. The quantitative expression analysis using real time PCR has shown a decrease in the expression of all the studied genes as the salt concentration increased. Among the different concentrations of NaCl used for the experiment, it was seen that 200 mM was most detrimental for the carotenoid gene expression. Lycopene beta cyclase, the enzyme that converts lycopene to beta carotene was seen to be highly affected compared to other genes studied showing a 1.87 fold inhibition in its expression at 200 mM NaCl.
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Evaluation of genetic diversity of an algerian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) collection
стр.95-107
Boudour Leila, Gherroucha Hocine, Boukaboub Amar, Bouchtab Karima, Baka Mebarek, Samra Kheireddine
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) has been extensively cultivated in Algeria for many centuries. During this long period, the species encountered a large diversification implied by the great diversity of climates that led to great genetic diversity of the species. The purpose of this study is to improve the management of phytogenetic resources that can serve as potential breeders for the amelioration of wheat. The study aims at evaluating the diversity of 1019 accessions of durum wheat from different regions of Algeria and which are stored at the Constantine ITGC. The analysis of the results concerning phenological and morphophysiological characters revealed an important intra and intervarietal genetic variability. Subsequently it appeared that the 1019 accessions belong to 19 botanic varieties that differ mainly by the cob, silk and grain colours. Among the characters involved in this study, some appeared to have a direct connection with the adaptation to water stress and thus allowed us identifying the most resistant varieties
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In-vitro response of Vigna aconitifolia to drought stress induced by PEG - 6000
стр.108-121
Soni Priyanka, Rizwan M., Bhatt K. V., Mohapatra T., Singh Govind
This investigation was aimed at investigating effect of low water potential generated by PEG on growth, sugar content and stress related enzymes (catalase, GPOX) at seedling level. Additionally gene expression was also studied using SDS-PAGE. A total of twelve moth bean genotypes comprising of elite moth bean lines were evaluated for desiccation tolerance at germination and seedling stage. Germination was happened differentially at 8% PEG while 15% PEG induced wilting in 7d old seedlings. Longer roots and shoots, higher dry weight of root and shoots both in control and treated seedlings was observed with desiccation tolerance. Drought tolerant and sensitive varieties differed in their protein profiling with newer genes showing their expression in tolerant once. Two genes were found up regulated in all tolerant varieties during PEG induced stress. Higher basal activity of enzymes (GPOX and catalase) and total soluble sugar during water deficit in drought tolerant varieties was reported.
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Effect of isotonic exercise (walking) on various physiological parameters in hypertension
стр.122-131
Tiwari Sushma, Gehlot Sangeeta, Tiwari S.K., Singh Girish
Rationale: Walking is an isotonic aerobic exercise has been associated with reduced blood pressure and other physiological changes in observational o.p.d. studies. Study was conducted to determine the effect of isotonic aerobic exercise (walking) on blood pressure. Data resource: This study has been carried out in Kayachikitsa O.P.D., S.S. hospital, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU. Study collection: The present work comprised a study of 84 hypertensive cases, which include 55 male, 29 females and 34 hypertensive controls, 50 hypertensive individuals. Among total cases participating in this study, control groups had not performed any exercise. All these cases of Hypertension were registered from Kayachikitsa O.P.D., IMS, BHU, for the duration of Jan 2009 to Jan 2011 and the selection was random irrespective of sex, occupation and socioeconomic deliberation. All the patients belonged to age group of 35 to 65 years. Two follow ups have been assessed during the research work i.e. initially, after one months and three months for all the physiological parameters. Conclusions: Aerobic isotonic exercise (walking) reduces blood pressure and other physiological changes i.e. Respiratory rate, Pulse rate, Blood sugar level and BMI in hypertensive exercise group (HTNE) and most of the control groups showed increase in physiological changes, this specify that lack of physical activity can cause various diseases. An increase in aerobic physical activity should be considered an important component of lifestyle modification for prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.
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Effect of Exercise on Psychological Well-being in T2DM
стр.132-142
Yavari Abbas, Abbasi Naimeh Mashinchi, Vahidi Reza, Najafipoor Farzad, Farshi Mirtaghi Garooci
Background: Type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) experience health problems including psychiatric and psychological complications that influence their general health. Since exercise has an additional effect on psychological improvement, we aimed to establish the role of exercise as improvement of psychological problems. Methods: 80 subjects with T2DM were assigned to take exercise for 90 minutes per session, 3 times a week for a period of 4 months. They answered the GHQ-12 questionnaire before and after the study project. Results: Questionnaires were scored by Likert model and entered the statistical analysis. Our findings demonstrate a significant decrease in the mean GHQ-12 scores. [13.39 ± 5.89 to 8.52 ± 5.12 (p < 0.001)]. Factor analysis by Graetz's three-factor model suggests that factor I (anxiety and depression) associates with more improvement than the other factors. Conclusion: Exercise improves psychological distress inT2DM and results in improved well-being.
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Tumour Suppressor p53 and its prognostic value in mutation analyses in Breast Cancer patients
стр.143-151
Singh Shinjini, Singh Mritunjai, Singh Rakesh K., Gambhir Indrajeet S.
The tumour suppressor protein p53 induces or represses the expression of a variety of target genes involved in cell cycle control, senescence, apoptosis, DNA repair and angiogenesis in response to oncogenic or other cellular stress signals. According to this important function, p53 activity is controlled in a very complex manner, including several auto-regulatory loops, through these interventions of many modulator proteins. In this review, we provide insights into the structural complexity of p53, with specific interest on its role in breast cancer. p53 emerges as a paradigm for a more general understanding of the structural organisation of modulator proteins and the effects of disease-causing mutations.
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Drought Stress and Its Impact on Protein in Three Species of Vitex
стр.152-158
John De Britto A., Benjamin Jeya Rathna Kumar P., Herin Sheeba Gracelin D., Santhana Jency S.
Drought is one of the most important natural phenomenon which affects on plant growth. When drought stress is imposed different molecular and biochemical responses took place in the plants. The protein profile of three species of Vitex (Vitex trifolia L., Vitex altissima L. and Vitex negundo L.) under normally irrigated condition and severe drought plants was analyzed through SDS-PAGE. Drought stress significantly affects proteins in plants when compared the normal conditioned plants. Several new protein bands were identified in the stressed plants. It seems that Vitex species can be adapted to drought stress conditions. Hence it was concluded that number of new proteins were synthesized in stressed plants for their adaptation in the stressed conditions. These proteins could be used as markers in identifying the stressed plants.
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A study on anti-stress property of Nardostachys jatamamsi on stress induced Drosophila melanogaster
стр.159-164
Shilpashree R., Sathish Kumar B.Y.
Stress is a feeling that's created when we react to particular events. It s the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened alertness. As a result of the stress immune system can be suppressed by chronic stress opening to increased infections and increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases. So one has to learn away to overcome stress. Here is an attempt made to overcome the stress induced in Drosophila melanogaster a model organism, in this study. Methotrexate is used to induce the stress at different concentration taking different group of flies and a Nardostachys jatamamsi plant extract having antistress property is used to relieve the stress induced. This stress relieve measured by the various stress related enzymes like catalase and Superoxide dismutase by this antistress property of the plant Nardostachys jatamamsi was shown.
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Significance of Sulphur nutrition against metal induced oxidative stress in plants
стр.165-184
Mohd Mazid, Khan Zeba H., Quddusi Saima, Taqi Ahmed Khan, Firoz Mohammad
Sulphur (S) is available to plants as sulphate (SO42-) in the soil to the roots and as gaseous SO2 in the atmosphere to the shoots. Of all the macronutrient, S is perhaps the nutrient which has attracted the most attention in soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential defensive characteristics to pests, good nutritive potentiality to crops and its relative immobility in the soil-plant system. This review highlights the mechanisms of uptake and translocation of S from soil and its transport in xylem and phloem tissues of plants. Moreover, it also throws new insights, have led us to revisit the hypothesis of S chelation in reference to oxidative stress induced by heavy metals sequestration.
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Effect of free heme on intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium yoelii infection
стр.185-192
Kumar Singh Vinay, Srivastava Saurabha, Prasad Singh Kaleshwar
Free radicals are often formed as necessary intermediates in a variety of biochemical reactions but when generated in excess or not appropriately controlled, they can wreak havoc on a wide range of macromolecules. Of the several free radicals generated in the biological system, the reactive oxygen species such as .OH are highly toxic and injurious agents causing irreparable tissue damage. At a point of time in the intraerythrocytic stage of P. yoelii infection, digestion of hemoglobin releases free heme, which in the presence of transition metal ion (Fe+3 / Fe+2) generates .OH and notably H2O2, a potent reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) that causes lipid-peroxidation. Owing to its lipophilic nature, free heme intercalates in the lipid bilayer, disrupts the integrity of the membrane and hence destabilizes the cytoskeleton. Following lipid peroxidation of the food vacuolar membrane, in the course of malarial infection, free heme comes out from food vacuole. The current paper deals with a study on the effect of free heme on the various membranes viz. RBC membrane, food vacuole membrane and parasite membrane particularly during the intraerythrocytic stage of malarial infection.
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Assessment of Salinity-Induced Antioxidative Defense System in Colubrina asiatica Brongn
стр.193-200
Sonar B.A., Desai Nivas, Gaikwad D.K., Chavan P.D.
The present study examined the salinity-induced oxidative damage and differential response of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants of Colubrina asiatica. Acceleration of catalase and peroxide production in leaves and roots suggested the onset of oxidative damage. The activities of these enzymatic antioxidants were significantly increased by salt stress, with maximum induction occurring with higher regimes of salinity (200 mM and 300 mM NaCl treatment). Interestingly, under severe stress condition (300 mM NaCl), peroxidase seemed to be more crucial than catalase for peroxide scavenging. Among the studied nonenzymatic antioxidants, ascorbic acid was induced maximally at lower dose of salinity; however, polyphenols, flavonoids and DPPH activity glutathione were increased with increasing NaCl treatment as compared with control plants. Therefore, salinity was found to induce the antioxidative defense system of C. asiatica.
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Antioxidative responses and expression of insecticidal proteins in Bt cotton under high irradiance
стр.201-211
Parimala P., Muthuchelian K.
Effect of high irradiance (HI) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, rate of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were investigated in non Bt and Bt cotton. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 was higher in Bt cotton. Sustained cultivation of Bt cotton requires stable transgene expression under HI stress. In the present study, Bt toxin proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab), which are essential for the control of lepidopteron pests, were found to be reduced in Bt cotton under HI stress.
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Изучение влияния высокой концентрации кадмия на функционирование антиоксидантных систем этиолированных проростков пшеницы разной длины
стр.212-221
Колесниченко В.В., Колесниченко А.В.
Изучено влияние высоких концентраций CdCl2 на функционирование антиоксидантных систем этиолированных проростков пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L) различной длины. Установлено, что проростки разной длины отличаются по реакции своей антиоксидантной системы на воздействие кадмия. Наиболее высокий уровень интенсивности процессов перекисного окисления липидов был зафиксирован в проростках минимальной длины. Среди обработанных кадмием проростков у максимальной длины был зафиксирован наиболее высокий уровень активности каталазы, но не пероксидазы.
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Role of ascorbic acid against pathogenesis in plants
стр.222-234
Taqi Ahmed Khan, Mohd Mazid, Firoz Mohammad
Plants vary considerably in their physiological response to various kinds of environmental stress. To prevent damage caused by pathogenic attack and to acclimate to change in their environment, plants have evolved direct and indirect mechanism for sensing and responding to pathogenic stimuli. Ascorbic acid (AA) is found in all eukaryotes including animals and plants and lack completely in prokaryotes except cyanobactaria, have been reported to have a small amount. AA has now gained significant place in plant science, mainly due to its properties (antioxidant and cellular reductant etc.), and multifunctional roles in plant growth, development, and regulation of remarkable spectrum of plant cellular mechanisms against environmental stresses. As it is evident from the present review, recent progress on AA potentiality in tolerance of plants to pathogenic attack has been impressive to a greater extent. AA produced in plants as indirect response against pathogenic attack at different sites in plants and its intertwined network cause changes in nuclear gene expression via retrograde signaling pathways, or even into systemic responses, all of which are associated with pathogenic resistance. Indeed, AA plays an important role in resistance to pathogenesis.
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Effect of Some Stresses on Free Proline Content During Pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) Seed Germination
стр.235-241
Bhamburdekar S.B., Chavan P.D.
Plants accumulate proline under a variety of stress conditions thereby preventing stress-caused damages. The proline accumulation in germinating seeds of pigeonpea in response to NaCl, Boron and Aluminium treatments were studied. Results showed increased accumulation of proline in salinity stressed germinating seeds. As compare to 100 ppm boron, 10 and 50 ppm of boron treatments promoted proline levels at different stages of seed germination. The content of proline was found to be induced by all aluminium concentrations particularly at 48, 72 and 120 hrs. of seed germination. Whereas reverse pattern of proline accumulation was observed at 96 hrs stage under all studied stresses.
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Protective effect of D-ribose against inhibition of rats testes function at excessive exercise
стр.242-249
Chigrinskiy E.A., Conway V.D.
An increasing number of research studies point to participation in endurance exercise training as having significant detrimental effects upon reproductive hormonal profiles in men. The means used for prevention and correction of fatigue are ineffective for sexual function recovery and have contraindications and numerous side effects. The search for substances effectively restoring body functions after overtraining and at the same time sparing the reproductive function, which have no contraindications precluding their long and frequent use, is an important trend of studies. One of the candidate substances is ribose used for correction of fatigue in athletes engaged in some sports. We studied the role of ribose deficit in metabolism of the testes under conditions of excessive exercise and the potentialities of ribose use for restoration of the endocrine function of these organs. 45 male Wistar rats weighing 240±20 g were used in this study. Animals were divided into 3 groups (n=15): control; excessive exercise; excessive exercise and received ribose treatment. Plasma concentrations of lactic, β-hydroxybutyric, uric acids, luteinizing hormone, total and free testosterone were measured by biochemical and ELISA methods. The superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and uric acids, malondialdehyde, glutathione, ascorbic acids, testosterone levels were estimated in the testes sample. Acute disorders of purine metabolism develop in rat testes under conditions of excessive exercise. These disorders are characterized by enhanced catabolism and reduced reutilization of purine mononucleotides and activation of oxidative stress against the background of reduced activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system. Administration of D-ribose to rats subjected to excessive exercise improves purine reutilization, stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway work, inhibits oxidative stress of the testes, and saves the testicular endocrine function.
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Improvement of Photosynthesis by Sub1 QTL in Rice Under Submergence: Probed by Chlorophyll Fluorescence OJIP Transients
стр.250-259
Panda Debabrata, Sarkar Ramani Kumar
The influence of submergence on the photosynthetic activity in rice plants either possessing or not possessing Sub1 QTL i.e. Swarna and Swarna Sub1 cultivars (cv.) were evaluated under simulated complete submergence. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased in both the cv. during the progression of submergence as compared to control plant but significant varietal differences was observed after 1 day (d) of submergence. Submergence also alters the photo-system (PS) II activity, as reflected in a decrease in the values of Fo, Fm and the Fv/Fm ratio and degradation of chlorophyll, more in Swarna than that of Swarna Sub1. Under complete submergence the shape of the OJIP transient also changed in rice leaves with decrease in maximal fluorescence (P=Fm) intensity, resulted lowering of variable fluorescence levels. The decrease was more pronounced in Swarna compared to the Swarna Sub1 cv. Thus, Swarna Sub1 improves photosynthetic activity showing more photosynthetic rate compared to Swarna under submergence because, of less degradation of chlorophyll, higher stomatal conductance, and efficient PS II activity.
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